基于兵棋环境的专家与新手情景意识研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 石骏晖
|
| 答辩日期 | 2024-06 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 高文斌 |
| 关键词 | 兵棋推演 专家-新手 情景意识 出声思维 眼动测量 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理学 |
| 其他题名 | A study on the situational awareness of expert and novice based on the wargame |
| 中文摘要 | Situational awareness, a concept originating from aviation psychology, describes the ability to perceive, understand, and maintain a sufficient grasp of one's surroundings to successfully complete a task. This concept plays a crucial role in real-time decision-making, allowing individuals to rapidly update their mental models to adapt to dynamic environments. Situational awareness has become a critical competency for professionals such as pilots and air traffic controllers, influencing decision-making in complex situations. Wargame simulation is a typical example of complex decision-making environment. It employs war simulation technology, using pieces to represent military forces, and utilizing sand tables, maps, and other battlefield representations to simulate actual combat scenarios. In these simulations, participants must make strategic decisions with limited information. The fog of war, coupled with real-time changes due to participant interactions, adds significant unpredictability. Wargames are typically used to hone military command skills and support real-world strategic decision-making. Given these conditions, wargame simulations serve as ideal environment to assess and train situational awareness. They generate a vast array of variable scenario information, requiring participants to constantly update their mental representations. This creates a realistic platform to explore the differences in situational awareness among participants with various skill levels. This study investigates the discrepancies in situational awareness between experts and novices within a wargame simulation environment, drawing on laboratory-based experiments that simulate real-life scenarios. By combining research on contextual priors and situation information integration with insights from sports decision-making studies, the study delves deeper into the role of situational awareness. The study consists of two main components. Study 1: A qualitative analysis involving 14 participants from the Miaosuan tactical wargame. This study utilized think-aloud techniques and semi-structured interviews to examine the psychological processes behind decision-making during a wargame. This approach allowed researchers to identify key situational awareness mechanisms and typical scenarios, providing empirical data for the second study. Study 2: An experimental approach with 109 college students of different wargame experience. Using a mixedfactorial design (3 experience levels × 2 anticipation consistency levels × 3 situation information intensity levels), the researchers explored how experts and novices integrate contextual prior and new situation information to make decisions in simulated wargame scenarios. The results yielded several key findings: Distinct stages: A typical wargame simulation consists of five stages: deployment, perception, countermeasures, engagement, and endgame. Each stage has unique decision-making tasks and situational awareness dynamics. The perception and countermeasure stages are particularly significant for studying contextual prior and situation information. Experience level differences: Experts demonstrated a higher level of situational awareness compared to novices and beginners, particularly in the supply of attentional resources and understanding of the situation provided. Utilization of contextual prior and situation information: Experts were less likely to alter their prior judgments based on new situational information, while novices were more prone to change. This suggests that experts have a more stable mental framework when making decisions. Besides, compared with the beginner group, the expert group and the novice group have similar thresholds for judging the reliability of situation information. Gaze patterns: Experts displayed more focused gaze patterns compared to novices and beginners, indicating a more concentrated approach to gathering information. However, no significant effects of experience on visual search efficiency, visual processing efficiency and attention allocation strategy were found. Overall, the study's findings highlight the importance of situational awareness in wargame simulations, offering valuable insights into complex decision-making processes. By examining the differences between experts and novices, this research enhances the theoretical understanding of situational awareness, deepens the understanding of the decision-making process of complex situations, and extracts expert experience of wargame simulation to a certain extent. It provides reference for the development of knowledge-based artificial intelligence in the wargame. |
| 英文摘要 | 情景意识是一个诞生于航空心理学中的概念。它被用来描述人们如何认识 所处环境、对正在发生的事如何建立并保持充分的理解，以实现任务的成功执 行。它强调人们如何在动态变化的环境中快速实时更新心理结构表征来支持瞬 间决策和绩效，为复杂情境决策问题开辟了一种新的研究途径和解决方案。在 以往文献中，情景意识在人因工程领域得到了相当广泛的应用，被认定为任何 复杂人机交互系统的关键研究主题。目前，情景意识已经成为飞行员、航空管 制员等职业中最重要的胜任力特征之一，其在各种复杂情境决策中发挥着越来 越重要的作用。 兵棋推演是一种典型的复杂情境决策环境。它是一种战争模拟技术，以沙 盘、地图等复现战场地形，以棋子代表军事力量，从而模拟实际战争中的敌我 双方对抗。兵棋推演通常用于锤炼军事人员的战场指挥能力，以及为实际战场 上的指挥决策提供辅助。对游戏专家的研究表明，专家知识与技能不仅体现在 注意、工作记忆、推理、决策等认知能力上，还存在一类依赖特定情景的领域 专项能力。然而，得到广泛验证的基础认知能力优势(如选择性注意、持续性 注意、工作记忆容量等)却不能很好地预测玩家的实际游戏表现，且诸如推理、 组块、模式识别等基于实际游戏场景的专项认知能力研究依然相对匮乏。在兵 棋推演中，战争迷雾的存在让参演者不得不进行不完全信息下的博弈与决策； 情景和态势因为双方对算子的即时操纵而时刻发生变化，表现出高度的环境不 稳定性；此外，兵棋推演可以有效模拟生成大量、多元化的态势信息，兵棋推 演选手需要时刻对获得的信息进行心理表征刷新。因此，情景意识会在兵棋推 演中持续在线，这无疑是情景意识的评估和训练有效场景。 本研究包括两个子研究：研究一采用质性研究，招募了 14 名庙算战术兵 棋玩家作为被试，通过出声思维法和半结构式访谈法，让被试在真实兵棋对抗 中报告自己的决策心理过程，分析兵棋对抗中情景意识作用的心理机制与典型 场景，支持研究二的实验研究环境设计。研究二采用专家-新手实验范式，招 募不同兵棋经验水平的大学生被试 109 名，采用 3(兵棋经验)×2(预期一致性) ×3(态势信息强度)混合因素实验设计，通过选手观摩兵棋对抗场景视频片段， 探讨专家/新手在不同情境先验和态势信息下如何整合二者并做出决策。结果 发现： （1）在兵棋推演中存在典型的阶段划分，可以分为部署、感知、对策、 交战、残局五个阶段，每个阶段的主要决策任务和决策特点存在差异。其中， 感知与对策阶段是情景意识研究中对情境先验与态势信息两类信息研究的典型场景。 （2）情景意识会持续作用于兵棋推演中的不同阶段，不同兵棋经验水平 被试的情景意识水平表现出显著差异，专家组情景意识水平高于新手组与入门 组，且主要体现在注意供给与理解维度上。 （3）不同兵棋经验水平被试对情境先验与态势信息强度的加工模式存在 差异：当情境先验与态势信息不一致时，相较新手组与入门组而言，专家组的 先验判断受态势信息改变较小，更加坚持自身先验判断而非随着态势信息改变 而改变；相较入门组而言，专家组与新手组对态势信息的可靠性判断存在相似 的阈值。 （4）不同兵棋经验水平被试的注视转移模式存在一定差异，专家组相对 新手组和入门组而言注视转移更为集中；但在视觉搜索效率、视觉加工效率和 注意分配策略上未发现兵棋经验的显著影响。 本研究以情景意识为切入点，通过出声思维、访谈与眼动研究，于兵棋推 演这一环境中发掘出了专家与新手在情景意识上的差异及具体表现，拓展了情 景意识的理论深度与应用场景，加深对复杂情境决策过程的理解，同时也一定 程度上萃取出了兵棋推演专家经验，为知识型智能兵棋推演的发展提供了借鉴。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/47952]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_健康与遗传心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 石骏晖. 基于兵棋环境的专家与新手情景意识研究[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2024. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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