Dynamic nitrification and denitrifi cation processes are affected by changes in soil redox conditions, and they play a vital role in regulating soil N2O 2 O emissions in rice-based cultivation. It is imperative to understand the influences of different upland crop planting systems on soil N2O 2 O emissions. In this study, we focused on two representative rotation systems in Central China: rapeseed-rice (RR) and wheat-rice (WR). We examined the biotic and abiotic processes underlying the impacts of these upland plantings on soil N2O 2 O emissions. The results revealed that during the rapeseed-cultivated seasons in the RR rotation system, the average N2O 2 O emissions were 1.24 +/- 0.20 and 0.81 +/- 0.11 kg N ha-1 -1 for the first and second seasons, respectively. These values were comparable to the N2O 2 O emissions observed during the first and second wheat-cultivated seasons in the WR rotation system (0.98 +/- 0.25 and 0.70 +/- 0.04 kg N ha-1, -1 , respectively). This suggests that upland cultivation has minimal impacts on soil N2O 2 O emissions in the two rotation systems. Strong positive correlations were found between N2O 2 O fluxes and soil ammonium (NH4+), 4 + ), nitrate (NO3-), 3 - ), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and the ratio of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to NO3- 3 - in both RR and WR rotation systems. Moreover, the presence of the AOA-amoA amoA and nirK genes were positively associated with soil N2O 2 O fluxes in the RR and WR systems, respectively. This implies that these genes may have different potential roles in facilitating microbial N2O 2 O production in various upland plantation models. By using a structural equation model, we found that soil moisture, mineral N, MBN, and the AOA-amoA amoA gene accounted for over 50% of the effects on N2O 2 O emissions in the RR rotation system. In the WR rotation system, soil moisture, mineral N, MBN, and the AOA-amoA amoA and nirK genes had a combined impact of over 70% on N2O 2 O emissions. These findings demonstrate the interactive effects of functional genes and soil factors, including soil physical characteristics, available carbon and nitrogen, and their ratio, on soil N2O 2 O emissions during upland cultivation seasons under rice-upland rotations.