High-speed trains have become one of the most important modes of public transportation in contemporary times, and the development of intelligent train driving systems has promoted an increase of train operation speed and the significant improvement of train transportation efficiency. However, train driving is still a complex human-computer interaction process in which drivers need to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and new technologies may not reduce the risk of human error if the designers do not fully consider the influence of human factors. To promote our understanding on how train drivers are interacting with the system, this study adopts the Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) method to systematically investigate the driving tasks of high-speed train drivers. In addition to providing a comprehensive diagram of driver tasks, this study also analyzed the difficulties and possible error patterns of each task by linking them with the design of the system. We also discussed and provided recommendations for future academic research and practices in personnel training, interface design, and safety management in order to improve the safety and efficiency of high-speed train driving systems.