The preparation of artificial soil is a potential cooperative resource utilization scheme for redmud and phosphogypsum on a large scale, with a low cost and simple operation. The characteristicsof the bacterial community structure and function in three artificial soils were systematically studiedfor the first time. Relatively rich bacterial communities were formed in the artificial soils, withrelatively high abundances of bacterial phyla (e.g., Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, andChloroflexi) and bacterial genera (e.g., Microcoleus_PCC-7113, Rheinheimera, and Egicoccus), which canplay key roles in various nutrient transformations, resistance to saline–alkali stress and pollutanttoxicity, the enhancement of various soil enzyme activities, and the ecosystem construction ofartificial soil. There were diverse bacterial functions (e.g., photoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy,aromatic compound degradation, fermentation, nitrate reduction, cellulolysis, nitrogen fixation, etc.),indicating the possibility of various bacteria-dominated biochemical reactions in the artificial soil,which can significantly enrich the nutrient cycling and energy flow and enhance the fertility of theartificial soil and the activity of the soil life. The bacterial communities in the different artificial soilswere generally correlated with major physicochemical factors (e.g., pH, OM, TN, AN, and AP), aswell as enzyme activity factors (e.g., S-UE, S-SC, S-AKP, S-CAT, and S-AP), which comprehensivelyillustrates the complexity of the interaction between bacterial communities and environmental factorsin artificial soils, and which may affect the succession direction of bacterial communities, the qualityof the artificial soil environment, and the speed and direction of the development and maturity ofthe artificial soil. This study provides an important scientific basis for the synergistic soilizationof two typical industrial solid wastes, red mud and phosphogypsum, specifically for the microbialmechanism, for the further evolution and development of artificial soil prepared using red mudand phosphogypsum.