The chemical weathering process of carbonate rocks consumes a large quantity of CO₂. This has great potential as a carbon sink, and it is one of a significant pathway for achieving carbon neutrality. However, the control mechanisms of karst carbon sink fluxes are unclear, and there is a lack of effective and accurate accounting. We took the Puding Shawan karst water‑carbon cycle test site in China, which has identical initial conditions but different land use types, as the research subject. We used controlled experiments over six years to evaluate the mechanisms for the differences in hydrology, water chemistry, concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). We found that the transition from rock to bare soil to grassland led to increases in the DIC concentration by 0.08–0.62 mmol⋅L⁻¹. The inorganic carbon sink flux (CSF) increased by 3.01–5.26 t⋅C⋅km⁻²⋅a⁻¹, an increase amplitude of 30–70 %. The flux of dissolved organic carbon (F_DOC) increase by 0.28 to 0.52 t⋅C⋅km⁻²⋅a⁻¹, an increase amplitude of 34–90 %. We also assessed the contribution of land use modifications to regional carbon neutrality, it indicate that positive land use modification can significantly regulate the karst carbon sink, with grassland having the greatest carbon sequestration ability. Moreover, in addition to DOC from soil organic matter degradation, DOC production by chemoautotrophic microorganisms utilizing DIC in groundwater may also be a potential source. Thus, coupled studies of the conversion of DIC to DOC processes in groundwater are an important step in assessing karst carbon sink fluxes.