Attapulgite (AT) nanofibers were integrated into phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) and PF composites reinforced with short carbon fibers (CF). Inclusion of AT significantly enhances the wear resistance of PF under both dry and oil-lubrication conditions. The hybrid nanocomposites, reinforced with both AT and CF, exhibit a high me chanical strength. Interestingly, AT and CF lower synergistically the friction coefficient of PF subjected to harsh dry sliding conditions. The hybrid nanocomposites exhibit excellent tribological performance under both dry and oil-lubrication conditions. Tribofilms’ nanostructures were comprehensively analyzed for disclosing dominant tribological mechanisms. Outcome of this work provides new ideas for developing tribo-materials of a high adaptability to various dry/oil-lubrication conditions.