This study explores the impact of river habitat stability on benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The entropy weight method and gray relational analysis were employed to assess habitat stability, while the relative importance index, biodiversity indices, Bray-Curtis similarity, and abundance-biomass comparison curves were used to analyze community structure. The relationship between habitat stability and community structure was explored using Pearson correlation analysis, generalized linear models, and redundancy analysis. The results indicate that: (1) The spatial pattern of habitat stability follows: hilly areas > plain areas > mountainous areas; (2) Species composition significantly differs between stable and unstable river segments. Stable river segments exhibit richer dominant species, including larger-bodied taxa, whereas unstable segments are dominated by species with greater adaptability to environmental changes; (3) 71.4% of the surveyed river segments exhibited communities under moderate to high disturbance levels, while communities in stable sections experience lower disturbance levels and show significantly higher species richness, density, and biomass. Flow velocity, water temperature, number of substrate types, and water depth amplitude are identified as key influencing factors. River habitat stability reflects the adaptability of benthic macroinvertebrates to external disturbances and can be used for river ecosystem investigation and health assessment.