Highlights What are the main findings? The hazards of glacier debris flow in the Badswat Basin exhibit a recurring pattern, and this research is the first to examine the whole sequence of these events systematically. Using multi-source, multi-resolution remote sensing imagery, we conducted a thorough disaster investigation that involved reconstructing evolution processes, measuring impacts, and pinpointing drivers. The initially dammed lake in 2015 gradually expanded because of subsequent events. What are the implications of the main findings? High temperatures accelerating glacier melting are the primary cause of debris flow hazards, while topography influences environmental vulnerability and glacier stability. Using multi-resolution remote sensing offers a flexible approach for comprehensive monitoring and assessing glacier hazards in high mountain regions with limited data, especially in the context of climate change.Highlights What are the main findings? The hazards of glacier debris flow in the Badswat Basin exhibit a recurring pattern, and this research is the first to examine the whole sequence of these events systematically. Using multi-source, multi-resolution remote sensing imagery, we conducted a thorough disaster investigation that involved reconstructing evolution processes, measuring impacts, and pinpointing drivers. The initially dammed lake in 2015 gradually expanded because of subsequent events. What are the implications of the main findings? High temperatures accelerating glacier melting are the primary cause of debris flow hazards, while topography influences environmental vulnerability and glacier stability. Using multi-resolution remote sensing offers a flexible approach for comprehensive monitoring and assessing glacier hazards in high mountain regions with limited data, especially in the context of climate change.Abstract Glacier mass loss driven by climate change has increased glacier-related hazards, including glacier debris flows, and poses growing threats to downstream communities. The Badswat Basin in northern Karakoram has experienced repeated glacier debris flows in recent years but lacks systematic disaster analysis and detailed monitoring. This study reconstructs and analyzes three glacier debris flows from 2015, 2018, and 2021 using multi-source remote sensing data and high-resolution DEMs. Results show that three events were triggered by tributary glaciers, with the 2015 event creating the initial dammed lake, and the 2018 and 2021 events further enlarging it (up to 0.72 km2 and 40 million m3). These events transported glacier mass downstream, expanded alluvial fans, and caused net glacier erosion. The 2018 event was the most destructive, damaging 75 buildings, flooding 0.28 km2 of farmland, and destroying 4.95 km of roads. Analysis suggests that topography influences environmental vulnerability and glacier stability. High temperatures, which accelerate glacier melting, are the primary drivers of the hazard. The bidirectional link between glacier movement and debris flows is a key factor in triggering or intensifying events. Under future climate scenarios, both tributary and main glaciers are expected to continue losing mass, further increasing downstream risks. This study details the evolutionary process of recurring periodic debris flows in the Badswat Basin, providing scientific insights into glacier-landform interactions and hazard management in high-mountain socio-ecological systems.