The Ediacaran Period was punctuated by major environmental and evolutionary milestones, including large-scale phosphogenesis during intervals of elevated phosphorous (P) flux. Although increased P flux could be an important driver of animal evolution and associated ocean oxygenation, the processes responsible for triggering the remarkable Ediacaran phosphogenesis episodes remain unclear. In this study, we present new δ¹³⁸Ba, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, and major and trace element data from Ediacaran phosphorites of the Doushantou Formation (Nanhua Basin, China). Low-to-negative δ¹³⁸Ba (−0.31 to 0.06 ‰, analogous to δ¹³⁸Ba of modern and ancient restricted depositional settings) and elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.7100 ± 0.0002, greater than the global average) from lower Doushantuo phosphorites indicate intense local continental weathering enhanced P delivery to the restricted Nanhua Basin at ∼630–600 Ma. During this early phosphogenesis stage, macroeukaryote blooms stimulated atmospheric oxygenation and eutrophication of deep seawater in the Nanhua Basin. In contrast to the lower phosphorites, the elevated and open-marine-like δ¹³⁸Ba of 0.17 to 0.35 ‰, as well as lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (mostly lower than 0.7096, comparable to the global average), from overlying ∼587–574 Ma phosphorites indicate that this later phosphogenesis interval was characterized by upwelling of pelagic deep ocean waters rich in re-mineralized P. Global-scale P burial (as phosphorite) could not lead to decreased eutrophic conditions in the global ocean, but, together with increasing oxygen levels in deep seawater and/or the atmosphere, this process may have finally facilitated the evolution of Ediacaran fauna.