Multiband optical variability on diverse timescales of the blazar Ton 599 from 2011 to 2023
文献类型：期刊论文
| 作者 | Vince, O.19,24; Raiteri, C. M.23; Villata, M.23; Gupta, A. C.21,22; Kovacevic-Dojcinovic, J.19; Lakicevic, M.19; Popovic, L. C.19,20; Kushwaha, P.4; Mirzaqulov, D. O.3; Ehgamberdiev, S. A.2,3 |
| 刊名 | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
 |
| 出版日期 | 2025-12-01 |
| 卷号 | 703页码:A259 |
| 关键词 | galaxies: active quasars: individual: Ton 599 |
| ISSN号 | 0004-6361 |
| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202555986 |
| 产权排序 | 5 |
| 英文摘要 | Context. We analyze the optical variability of the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) Ton 599 using BVRI photometry from the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) collaboration (2011-2023), complemented by photometric and spectroscopic data from the Steward Observatory monitoring program. Aims. We aim to characterize short- and long-term optical variability - including flux distributions, intranight changes, color evolution, and spectra - to constrain physical parameters and processes in the central engine of this active galactic nucleus (AGN). Methods. We tested flux distributions in each filter against normal and log-normal models and explored the root mean square (RMS)-flux relation. We derived power spectral densities (PSDs) to assess red-noise behavior. We quantified intranight variability using a chi 2 test and fractional variability. From variability timescales, we estimated the emitting region size and magnetic field. Long-term variability was studied by segmenting the light curve into 12 intervals and analyzing flux statistics. For multi-filter flares, we computed spectral slopes, redshift-corrected fluxes, and monochromatic luminosities. Color-magnitude and color-time diagrams traced color evolution over different flux regimes and timescales. From low-flux spectra, we measured Mg II line properties (correcting for Fe II) to estimate the black hole mass via single-epoch scaling. Results. During the monitoring period, Ton 599 showed strong optical variability. Log-normal distributions fit the fluxes better than normal ones, and all bands display a positive RMS-flux relation. The PSDs follow red-noise trends. Intranight variability is detected, with derived timescales constraining the emission region and magnetic field. The R band reaches a peak flux of 23.5 mJy, corresponding to a monochromatic luminosity of log(nu L-nu) = 48.48 [erg s(-1)]. Color-magnitude diagrams reveal a redder-when-brighter trend at low fluxes (thermal dominance), achromatic behavior at intermediate levels (possibly due to jet orientation changes), and a bluer-when-brighter trend at high fluxes (synchrotron dominance). While long-term color changes are modest, short-term variations are significant, with a negative correlation between the amplitude of color changes and the average flux. The estimated supermassive black hole mass is on the order of 10(8) M-circle dot, which is in agreement with previous estimates. Conclusions. Our results underscore the complexity of blazar variability, pointing to multiple emission processes at work. The joint photometric and spectroscopic approach constrains key physical parameters and deepens our understanding of the blazar central engine. |
| WOS关键词 | ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI ; BLACK-HOLE MASSES ; GAMMA-RAY ; BL LACERTAE ; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY ; SPECTRAL VARIABILITY ; RELATIVISTIC JET ; RADIO LOUDNESS ; SKY SURVEY ; 3C 454.3 |
| 资助项目 | INAF Fundamental Research Funding Call 2023 ; Department of Science and Technology (DST), government of India, through the DST-INSPIRE Faculty grant[DST/INSPIRE/04/2020/002586] ; National Science Foundation[AST-2108622] ; NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants[80NSSC23K1507] ; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) President's International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI)[2024VMB0006] ; Astronomical Station Vidojevica ; Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (MSTDIRS)[451-03-136/2025-03/200002] ; EC[256772] ; Institute of Astronomy ; Rozhen NAO BAS through the bilateral SANU-BAN joint research project GAIA astrometry and fast variable astronomical objects ; SANU project[F-187] ; Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia[6775] ; University of Belgrade - Faculty of Mathematics[451-03-136/2025-03/200104] ; Astronomical Observatory Belgrade through Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia[451-03-136/2025-03/200002] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation ; Bulgarian National Science Fund[DN18-10/2017] ; Bulgarian National Roadmap for Research Infrastructure Project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria[D01-326/04.12.2023] ; Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science[KP-06-H68/4] ; Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science[KP-06-H88/4] ; Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science[KP-06-KITAJ/12] ; Egyptian Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF)[45779] ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia[FR-24-515] ; Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN/AEI)[CEX2021-001131-S] ; Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN/AEI)[PID2019-107847RB-C44] ; Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN/AEI)[PID2022-139117NB-C44] ; Fermi Guest Investigator grants[NNX08AW56G] ; Fermi Guest Investigator grants[NNX09AU10G] ; Fermi Guest Investigator grants[NNX12AO93G] ; Fermi Guest Investigator grants[NNX15AU81G] |
| WOS研究方向 | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:001629085800001 |
| 出版者 | EDP SCIENCES S A |
| 资助机构 | INAF Fundamental Research Funding Call 2023 ; Department of Science and Technology (DST), government of India, through the DST-INSPIRE Faculty grant ; National Science Foundation ; NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants ; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) President's International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) ; Astronomical Station Vidojevica ; Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (MSTDIRS) ; EC ; Institute of Astronomy ; Rozhen NAO BAS through the bilateral SANU-BAN joint research project GAIA astrometry and fast variable astronomical objects ; SANU project ; Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia ; University of Belgrade - Faculty of Mathematics ; Astronomical Observatory Belgrade through Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation ; Bulgarian National Science Fund ; Bulgarian National Roadmap for Research Infrastructure Project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria ; Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science ; Egyptian Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia ; Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN/AEI) ; Fermi Guest Investigator grants |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xao.ac.cn/handle/45760611-7/8340]  |
| 专题 | 研究单元未命名 |
| 通讯作者 | Vince, O. |
| 作者单位 | 1.SARA Observ, Miami, FL 33199 USA 2.Natl Univ Uzbekistan, 100174 Tashkent, Uzbekistan 3.Ulugh Beg Astron Inst, Astron St 33, Tashkent 100052, Uzbekistan 4.Indian Inst Sci Educ & Res IISER Mohali, Dept Phys Sci, Sect 81, Manauli 140306, Punjab, India 5.Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, E-38206 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 6.Russian Acad Sci, Special Astrophys Observ, Nyzhnij Arkhyz 369167, Karachai Circas, Russia 7.Nordic Opt Telescope, Apartado 474, E-38700 Santa Cruz De La Palma, Santa Cruz De T, Spain 8.Friedrich Koenig Gymnasium, Hans Haffner Sternwarte Hettstadt, Nat wissenschaftl Lab Schuler FKG, D-97082 Wurzburg, Germany 9.TU Dortmund Univ, Dept Phys, Otto Hahn Str 4A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany 10.Inst Astrofis Andalucia, IAA CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Vince, O.,Raiteri, C. M.,Villata, M.,et al. Multiband optical variability on diverse timescales of the blazar Ton 599 from 2011 to 2023[J]. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,2025,703:A259. |
| APA | Vince, O..,Raiteri, C. M..,Villata, M..,Gupta, A. C..,Kovacevic-Dojcinovic, J..,...&Verna, G..(2025).Multiband optical variability on diverse timescales of the blazar Ton 599 from 2011 to 2023.ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,703,A259. |
| MLA | Vince, O.,et al."Multiband optical variability on diverse timescales of the blazar Ton 599 from 2011 to 2023".ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 703(2025):A259. |
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