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Spectral Hardening Reveals Afterglow Emergence in Long-duration Fast X-Ray Transients: A Case Study of GRB 250404A/EP250404a

文献类型：期刊论文

作者Yin, Yi-Han Iris21,22; Fang, Yuan23; Zhang, Bin-Bin21,22; Deng, Chen21,22; Yang, Jun21,22; Chen, Run-Chao21,22; Liu, Yuan24; Cheng, Yehao23; Xu, Dong24,25; Wang, Xiaofeng1
刊名ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
出版日期2025-08-20
卷号989期号:2
ISSN号2041-8205
DOI10.3847/2041-8213/adf552
产权排序第8完成单位
文献子类Article
英文摘要The prompt emission and afterglow phases of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been extensively studied, yet the transition between these two phases remains inadequately characterized due to limited multiwavelength observational coverage. Among the recent growing samples of fast X-ray transients observed by Einstein Probe (EP), a subgroup of GRBs are captured with long-duration X-ray emission, potentially containing featured evolution from prompt emission to the afterglow phase. In this Letter, we present a detailed analysis of GRB 250404A/EP250404a, a bright, fast X-ray transient detected simultaneously by EP and the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor in X-rays and gamma rays. Its continuous X-ray emission reveals a long-duration tail, accompanied by distinct spectral evolution manifested by the spectral index alpha X with an initial softening, followed by an evident hardening, eventually reaching a plateau at the value of similar to-2. Early optical and near-infrared observations enable broadband modeling with forward- and reverse-shock components, confirming that the X-ray hardening signals the emergence of the external-shock afterglow. From this spectral hardening, we infer that the prompt phase in soft X-rays lasted similar to 300 s, which is more than 3 times longer than the gamma-ray T90. This well-tracked soft-hard-flat spectral pattern provides a clear indication of afterglow emergence from the fading prompt emission and offers a practical criterion for identifying a distinct population of GRBs among fast X-ray transients, even when the detection of the gamma-ray counterpart or obvious temporal break is absent.
学科主题天文学 ; 天体物理学 ; 高能天体物理学 ; 星系与宇宙学
URL标识查看原文
出版地TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND
WOS关键词TIME-DEPENDENT PHOTOIONIZATION ; LIGHT CURVES ; EINSTEIN PROBE ; DUSTY MEDIUM ; BURST ; EVOLUTION ; EMISSION ; ABSORPTION ; TELESCOPE ; MODELS
资助项目National Key Research and Development Programs of China[2022YFF0711404]; National Key Research and Development Programs of China[2022SKA0130102]; National Key Research and Development Programs of China[2021YFA0718500]; National SKA Program of China[2022SKA0130100]; National Natural Science Foundation of China[11833003]; National Natural Science Foundation of China[U2038105]; National Natural Science Foundation of China[U1831135]; National Natural Science Foundation of China[12121003]; National Natural Science Foundation of China[12393811]; National Natural Science Foundation of China[13001106]; China Manned Space Project[CMS-CSST-2021-B11]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Strategic Priority Program on Space Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; ESA; MPE; CNES[XDA15310000]; CNES[XDA15052100]; South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research of Yunnan University (SWIFAR-YNU) - Yunnan University Development Plan for WorldClass University; National Key RD Program; Yunnan University Development Plan for World-Class Astronomy Discipline; Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS; Science & Technology Champion Project[202005AB160002]; European Union (ERC); Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program[202105AE160021]; Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program[202305AT350002]; Danish National Research Foundation; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2024YFA1611603]; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Survey Science[202449CE340002]; Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects[202301AU070006]; NSFC[12288102]; NSFC[12033003]; NSFC[12120101003]; NSFC[12373010]; New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE; Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region[2024D01D32]; Tianshan Talent Training Program[2023TSYCLJ0053]; Tianshan Talent Training Program[2023TSYCCX0101]; Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund[ZYYD2025QY27]; National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC[12433007]; National Key R&D Program of China[2023YFE0101200]; Natural Science Foundation of China[12393813]; Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program (YunLing Scholar Project); Spanish Ministry project[PID2023-151905OB-I00]; Junta de Andalucia[P20_010168]; Severo Ochoa - MCIN/AEI[CEX2021-001131-S]; CAS Special Funds for Observatory and Facility Development; Zhengjia Enterprise Group;
WOS研究方向Astronomy & Astrophysics
语种英语
WOS记录号WOS:001563108200001
出版者IOP Publishing Ltd
资助机构National Key Research and Development Programs of China[2022YFF0711404, 2022SKA0130102, 2021YFA0718500] ; National SKA Program of China[2022SKA0130100] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China[11833003, U2038105, U1831135, 12121003, 12393811, 13001106] ; China Manned Space Project[CMS-CSST-2021-B11] ; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities ; Strategic Priority Program on Space Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; ESA ; MPE ; CNES[XDA15310000, XDA15052100] ; South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research of Yunnan University (SWIFAR-YNU) - Yunnan University Development Plan for WorldClass University ; National Key RD Program ; Yunnan University Development Plan for World-Class Astronomy Discipline ; Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS ; Science & Technology Champion Project[202005AB160002] ; European Union (ERC) ; Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program[202105AE160021, 202305AT350002] ; Danish National Research Foundation ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2024YFA1611603] ; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Survey Science[202449CE340002] ; Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects[202301AU070006] ; NSFC[12288102, 12033003, 12120101003, 12373010] ; New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE ; Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region[2024D01D32] ; Tianshan Talent Training Program[2023TSYCLJ0053, 2023TSYCCX0101] ; Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund[ZYYD2025QY27] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC[12433007] ; National Key R&D Program of China[2023YFE0101200] ; Natural Science Foundation of China[12393813] ; Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program (YunLing Scholar Project) ; Spanish Ministry project[PID2023-151905OB-I00] ; Junta de Andalucia[P20_010168] ; Severo Ochoa - MCIN/AEI[CEX2021-001131-S] ; CAS Special Funds for Observatory and Facility Development ; Zhengjia Enterprise Group ; [2022YFA1602902] ; [2023YFA1607804] ; [XDB0550100] ; [XDB0550000] ; [101071865] ; [DNRF140]
版本出版稿
源URL[http://ir.ynao.ac.cn/handle/114a53/28568]  
专题云南天文台_丽江天文观测站（南方基地）
通讯作者Yin, Yi-Han Iris
作者单位1.Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China;
2.Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
3.School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, People’s Republic of China;
4.Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain;
5.Faculty of Science, Guangxi University, 100 East Daxue Road, Xixiangtang, Nanning 530004, People’s Republic of China;
6.Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira str. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
7.Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustav Hällstrómin katu 2, FI-00014, Finland;
8.Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People’s Republic of China;
9.CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, People’s Republic of China;
10.Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática, Escuela de Ingenierías, Universidad de Málaga, C. Dr. Ortiz Ramos sn, E-29071, Málaga, Spain;
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714		 Yin, Yi-Han Iris,Fang, Yuan,Zhang, Bin-Bin,et al. Spectral Hardening Reveals Afterglow Emergence in Long-duration Fast X-Ray Transients: A Case Study of GRB 250404A/EP250404a[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS,2025,989(2).
APA Yin, Yi-Han Iris.,Fang, Yuan.,Zhang, Bin-Bin.,Deng, Chen.,Yang, Jun.,...&Zhang, Bing.(2025).Spectral Hardening Reveals Afterglow Emergence in Long-duration Fast X-Ray Transients: A Case Study of GRB 250404A/EP250404a.ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS,989(2).
MLA Yin, Yi-Han Iris,et al."Spectral Hardening Reveals Afterglow Emergence in Long-duration Fast X-Ray Transients: A Case Study of GRB 250404A/EP250404a".ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS 989.2(2025).

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