In order to enhance understanding of biotic crises, environmental perturbations, and their driving mechanisms during critical transitions from the late Neoproterozoic to the late Triassic in China and adjacent regions, this Virtual Special Issue (VSI) synthesises 31 multidisciplinary studies. These contributions are broadly categorised into six themes: (1) High-resolution stratigraphy and geochronology using cyclostratigraphy, conodont biostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy; (2) Carbon cycle dynamics and global chemostratigraphic correlations via carbon isotope excursions (CIEs); (3) Marine redox evolution and seawater chemistry linked to biotic extinctions; (4) Climate-ocean feedbacks during icehouse-greenhouse transitions; (5) Biotic evolution, ecological adaptations, and extinction-recovery patterns; and (6) Tectonic and palaeogeographic controls on environmental gradients. By integrating new stratigraphic, geochemical, and palaeontological data, this VSI deciphers the interplay between environmental stress (e.g., volcanism, anoxia, climate shifts) and biotic resilience, revealing how regional factors (e.g., Tethyan palaeogeography, basin restriction) modulated global crises. These advances provide a framework for predicting biosphere responses to rapid environmental change and help to better connect deep-time Earth system processes with modern anthropogenic challenges.