A series of major global environmental upheavals and biological evolution events occurred during the late Paleozoic, involving the northward drifting of Gondwana-derived microcontinents, the amalgamation of supercontinent Pangea, long-lasting regime of severe climate fluctuation, and global biotic crises. During this period, brachiopods were among the most abundant and diversified marine benthic groups. To better understand and visualise the diversification, specialisation, and extinction of the predominant group in Phylum Brachiopoda, we analyze the diversity changes of Order Productida, as well as the palaeobiogeography, palaeolatitude distribution, and diversity trends of superfamilies Richthofenioidea, Lyttonioidea, and Permianelloidea. The results indicate that the diversification of Productida increased significantly from the Lochkovian onward, especially during the climate transition intervals (Famennian-Visean and Kasimovian-Asselian). Enhanced continental weathering, coupled with the group's inherent morphological and ecological advantages, played crucial roles. From their origin in the Carboniferous to extinction in the Permian, the three superfamilies primarily inhabited low- and mid-latitude regions, particularly tropical reef environments, flourishing during the interval between the two metazoan reef gaps. Under persistent warming conditions, their diversity shifted from sporadic occurrences during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age to a proliferation in the Artinskian-Capitanian, followed by a decline in the Lopingian. This trend aligns with both the overall pattern observed in Order Productida and contemporary reef ecosystems. Ultimately, only a handful of species survived the end-Permian mass extinction and persisted into the earliest Triassic. Most importantly, the specialisation/stenotopic taxa, referring to the species mainly adapt to certain environmental conditions or evolve special structures of the shell, may serve as indicators of high clade diversification and habitat environmental change.