The recovery of trilobites following the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME) was previously considered to have commenced in the late Rhuddanian, whereas new evidence indicates an earlier starting point. The spatiotemporal distribution of trilobites after the second episode of LOME during the late Hirnantian-Rhuddanian is reviewed based on a new dataset compiled from 10 paleoplates and terranes. Within a high-resolution biostratigraphic framework, these trilobite faunas are analyzed using numerical methods (including CA, NA, NMDS, and PCoA) to investigate their recovery and biogeographic patterns after the LOME. Two evolutionary trilobite faunas, the Ordovician-type and the Silurian-type, are recognized for two macroevolutionary phases, i. e., the survival phase (Hirnantian) and the recovery phase (late Hirnantian-Rhuddanian) respectively. The former one is represented by the Mucronaspis fauna, while the latter includes the Acernaspis, the Sinoencrinurus/ Pepodes, and the Trimerus faunas. Their distribution was primarily influenced by environmental factors, such as water depth, substrate, latitude, and geographic position. Trilobites began to recover immediately following the second episode of the Hirnantian crisis, approximately 1.4 Myr earlier than previously thought. Their recovery showed a heterochronous pattern, characterized by dual centers of origin in shallow-water habitats and subsequent expansion into deeper-water environments. The spread of recovery trilobites was mainly limited by widely anoxic environments. The rapid post-LOME recovery of trilobites resulted from multiple interconnected factors. Vacant niches formed from the extinction, followed by rapid recolonization and differentiation of shallow-water habitats, provided ecospaces for adaptive radiation and reduced interspecific competition. The evolutionary potential of certain trilobites provided the capacity for their rapid recovery, while the geographic isolation accelerated such process. Biogeographically, three trilobite provinces (the Mucronaspis, the Acernaspis, and the Sinoencrinurus/Pepodes provinces) are identified for the interval of late Hirnantian-Rhuddanian, with their differences mainly controlled by macroevolutionary process and geographic isolation.