Using sampling survey data from 20 representative villages, this paper analyzes the status of environmental pollution in mountainous and hilly rural area of Sichuan Province in China, and makes comprehensive analysis of environmental pollution factors of the research area based on BP neural network model. The result shows that there are about 60% of the villages investigated displaying environmental pollution of varying degrees. It also indicates that environment renovation measures conducted by government and labor out-migration are conducive to environmental protection in mountainous and hilly rural area of Sichuan, while the concentration of population and development of rural enterprise have negative impact on local environment. The influence degree of each factor in descending order is labor out-migration, environment renovation measures, concentration of population, rural enterprise development.