长江上游陡坡耕地退耕还林和天然林禁伐具有长远的生态意义，对促进该地区农村经济结构和农业结构调整也有积极作用，但同时给这些地区带来新的挑战；天然林禁伐区财政收入减少，GDP增长速度减慢，居民收入降低，以木材运输为主体的第三产业萎缩，劳动就业压力加大；退耕还林区粮食产量减少，农民生活受影响。当前，在两大工程实施实施过程中，出现虚报退耕面积和造林成果数字，一刀切，重视经济林、轻视生态林，林种和种植结构雷同，林区欠帐无法偿还，地方资金不配套，退耕后农业不知如何发展等问题。为此，笔者建议：退耕和“天禁”与区域脱贫、社会建设相结合；坚持因地制宜、分生态类型区实施；坚持实事求是，反对浮夸；应加强科学规划，进行技术攻关和科技集成，创立新的农林牧复合种植模式、新的农业经济、管理模式。

The two projects, returning cultivated land in steep hills into forest and banning deforestation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River have a long-standing ecological significance. They have positive effects in accelerating the re-organization of rural economic and agriculturalstructures. How ever, they also raise concerns for the region. This region where deforestation should be banned is now facing some predicaments, such as the reduction of revenue, the slowing-down of GDP growth rate, the decrease of local people's income, the decrease of tertiary industry , the rise of unemployment and the decrease of grain productions. In addition, some other current problems in relation to these two projects were analyzed, and countermeasure to overcome these problems were suggested in this paper.