西藏高原矿山迹地土地退化特征研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 鲜纪绅 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 成都 |
| 导师 | 贺秀斌 |
| 关键词 | 矿山迹地 土地退化 退化特征 治理途径 西藏高原 |
| 其他题名 | A Study on the degradation characteristics of mined wasteland in Tibetan Plateau |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 西藏高原是青藏高原的主体，“高”、“寒”、“旱”是西藏高原特殊的自然环境特征。采矿形成大量的采坑和弃渣引发一系列土地退化问题。通过文献资料收集和典型矿山野外调查，查明西藏矿山迹地现状及其土地退化问题，运用模糊层次分析法对矿山迹地土地退化程度进行了综合评价，并对矿山迹地土地退化特征进行探讨，提出西藏矿山迹地退化治理途径。研究结果表明： (1)西藏高原生态环境极其脆弱，社会经济发展落后，环境背景的特殊性决定了该区以勘查为主、以优势矿产资源开发为重点、以初级产品外运为主的矿产资源开发利用战略。 (2)西藏高原已停产的矿山96个，面积14786.59hm2，弃渣总量9345.95×104m3。西藏高原矿山迹地总特点是以砂金矿迹地为主，占矿山迹地总数的84.38%；露天开采为主，占86.46%:现代采点为主，占95.83%；主要分布在藏北环境区，占79.17%；地貌类型以宽阔河谷为主，占78.13%。 (3)西藏高原矿山开采遗留大量采坑和弃渣导致土地严重退化：①次生地质灾害：该区共发生45处各类次生地质灾害，并在采坑及弃渣堆区遗留大量的次生地质灾害隐患；②破坏及占压土地资源：采矿压占及破坏土地12483.59hm2，占矿山迹地总面积的84.4%：③草地退化：采矿活动直接破坏草地6456.59hm2，并导致下游土地沙化和草地退化面积超过10000hm2；④水土流失加剧：矿山迹地及其影响区域每年新增200×104 t；⑤景观破坏：矿山开采导致矿山迹地景观破坏，对周边景区和区域形象带来负面影响，并对周边人民群众的生产生活构成安全隐患。 (4)对典型矿山迹地土地退化综合评价表明：色贡砂金矿迹地土地总体呈中度退化，其中大型采坑和高大弃渣堆呈极强度退化，乱掘地和弃渣平铺区呈强度退化，施工场地、施工生活区、运输碾压等区域呈中度退化，采矿影响区域呈轻度退化。 (5)在空间变化上，矿山迹地土地退化大致表现出以采矿点为中心并向外呈同心圆扩散的退化趋势。从轻度退化到极强度退化，各环境因子不断恶化。采矿活动造成的土地退化剧烈而历时短，而由极强度退化向无退化演替历时漫长。不同矿山种类、不同开采时间和不同区域环境背景条件均对矿山迹地土地退化特征产生深刻的影响。 (6)西藏高原严酷的自然环境是矿山迹地退化土地自然恢复的主要障碍。矿山迹地退化土地恢复的前提条件是形成稳定的地表，其次才是土壤、植被和景观的恢复。据此提出西藏高原矿山迹地微地形地貌的恢复与重塑、土壤改良、植被重建与管理等三大治理途径，通过一系列工程措施和生物措施逐步消除矿山迹地退化土地生态系统恢复的障碍因子，最终达到矿山迹地土地生态系统恢复重建的目的。 |
| 英文摘要 | Tibetan plateau is main body of Qinghai-xizang Plateau, which has special characteristics by high elevation, cold and drought weather. There are many pits and waste slag formed after mining, which have resulted in a series of soil degradation problems. According to literature and field investigations on typical mine, the situation and its land degradation problems of mined wasteland have been found out. The degrees of land degradation are comprehensively evaluated, and the characteristics of land degradation of mine exploitation are discussed by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, then the corresponding countermeasures are brought foreword. The outcomes indicate: (1) Fragile eco-environment and laggard social-economic situation are the particularities of background of Tibetan Plateau. Due to the particular backgrounds, the strategy of mineral resources exploitation is centered on the prospecting, superior mineral mining and outward transporting of primary products. (2) There are 96 mined wasteland in Tibetan plateau, the total areas of which up to 14786.59 hm2, total volumes of waste slag up to 9345.95×104m3. The types of mined land are mainly gold placer deposit mined wasteland, open-cast mined wasteland and modern mined wasteland, accounting for 84.38%, 86.46%, 95.83% of the total respectively. About 79.17% of the total mined wastelands are situated on the North Tibetan environmental areas, and 78.13% of the total mined wastelands are situated on the broad valley. (3) The environment problems are mainly resulting from the masses of pits and large volumes of waste slag abandoned after mining. ①There are 45 times geological hazards occurred and mass other potential troubles around the pits and waste slag. ②The areas of mining occupation and destroyed land are up to 12483.59hm2, accounting for 84.4% of the total; ③The areas of destroyed grassland due to mining are up to 6456.59hm2， which make for the areas of land desertification and grassland degradation more than 10000hm2. ④Increase in water and soil erosion led by mining was 200×104t every year; ⑤The mining actions also lead to destruction of landscape, negative affects on the sigh and appearance, and security problems to those people around. (4) The comprehensive evaluations show that land degradation be in middle degree in Segong gold placer deposit mined wasteland, in which the big pits and waste slag pile be greatly intense degradation, random mining land and discarded slag areas be secondarily intense degradation, and operation areas, rest quarters and transport trails be middle degradation degree; mining affected regions be gentle degradation degree. (5) Centered by mining pit, the land degradations exhibited the trend of concentric diffusion. From gentle to greatly intense degradation, the environment factors tend to deteriorate. The mine exploitation fiercely aroused land degradation in short times, whereas it would take long time for natural recovery. Different types of mine and time of exploitation as well as different surroundings would profoundly affect the characteristics of land degradation. (6) The special environmental conditions were the main obstacles for natural recovery of land degradation of mining exploitation. The preconditions for land recovery firstly are forming steady land surface, and the recovery of soil, vegetation and landscape. Three approaches are put forward to repair the destroyed land, namely micro-landform recovery and remodeling soil dressing, vegetation rebuilding as well as management. The holdback point of recovery of land ecological system could be eliminated by use of a series of engineering and biological measures, and the aims of reconstruction of land ecological system would be achieved in the last. |
| 学科主题 | 水土保持学 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-13 |
| 分类号 | S73;S7 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2150]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 鲜纪绅. 西藏高原矿山迹地土地退化特征研究[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2009. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：成都山地灾害与环境研究所
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