河北坝上农田土壤风蚀防治技术与优化模式——以河北省康保县为例
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 常春平 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2006 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 成都 |
| 导师 | 邹学勇 |
| 关键词 | 河北坝上 农田 风蚀 模式 |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 河北坝上地区土壤风蚀严重，为京津特大城市群上风向主要沙源地，近期实施的退耕还林草政策，对风沙源治理起到了良好的作用，但农田风蚀依然严重。本文以河北坝上康保县为典型研究区，通过野外试验和遥感图像的解译，结合景观生态学、自然地理学、生态学和风沙物理学等基本理论和方法，对农田土壤风蚀进行了探讨： ①农田为区域景观的主体，其次为草地和林地，且均集中连片布局，未形成有效的植被防护体系；农田和林草地之间转移为区域主要景观动态变化，以2000年为界， 2000年前景观之间转移的绝对数量和概率均相对微弱；2000年后景观之间转移显著，以农田向林草地转移为主，但农田仍占据区域景观的主体；大风、降水等气象要素与耕作扰动在春季时段的耦合加剧了农田土壤风蚀强度。 ②农田地表风沙流结构沿盛行风向在垂直高度上的变化遵循指数函数或幂函数规律，近地表层风沙流结构受残茬和薇地形影响出现变异，这种变异沿盛行风向有增大并趋于稳定；风沙流输移物质总量在水平方向上的变化受下垫面粗糙度和盛行风向风速的影响，沿盛行风向在一定路径内具有达到饱和的趋势，验证了风沙流饱和理论的正确性。风沙流中的风蚀物以>0.01mm粒径为主，含量均在80％以上。各类耕地风蚀物粒径均以0.1mm为界，0.25～0.1mm颗粒百分含量在0～60cm和20～60cm高度内具有随高度增加呈线性规律变化；土壤风蚀物60cm高度内养分（有机质和总磷）富积率随高度增加呈线性规律增加。 ③乔灌混交林、灌木林和草地对农田防风效应和固土良好，应作为当地植被防风体系的首选。以防护林为主体，以农田布局、耕作管理技术为技术途径，设计基于土壤风蚀防治的4类农业生产－生态模式：乔灌混交林防护模式、灌木林防护模式、草地防护模式及留茬地防护模式。 |
| 英文摘要 | Hebei Bashang, which stands on the windward side of the metropolitan group of Beijing and Tianjin, has become the main sand source in this region because of serious wind erosion. Recently, although the policy of returning farmland into forest and grassland has been playing a good role in controlling the sand source in some degree, the problem of farmland wind erosion still remains severe. In this study, Kangbao County in Hebei Bashang is chosen as a case study region, and through field experiments and remote sensing image interpretation, farmland wind erosion is discussed as following based on a series of basic theories such as Landscape Ecology, Natural Geography, Ecology and the Physics of Blown Sand: ①Farmland makes up of the main body of the regional landscape, and the other two components are grassland and woodland respectively. However, since the display of these three components is in the pattern of large area centrally, it can’t play an effective role in protecting farmland from wind erosion; The transfer among farmland, grassland and woodland constitutes the main dynamic landscape change, and the year of 2000 serves as the division between landscape changes: before 2000, the absolute amount and probability of landscape transfer were comparatively weak; after 2000, although landscape transfer became relatively distinct with a large area of farmland returned into forest and grassland, farmland still constitutes the main body of the regional landscape. Furthermore, coupling between weather factors (strong wind, precipitation, etc.) and cultivated activity in spring intensifies farmland wind erosion. ②The blown-sand flux change on the farmland surface follows exponential function and power function in 60cm vertical height, and the wind-blown flux near earth’s surface produces a series of variances due to different residue levels, tillage roughness conditions or erodibility of the soil surface. This kind of variance tends to augment and become stable along with the prevailing wind. Blown-sand mass across farmland horizontal direction tends to increase and reach maximum. The experimental results validate the blown-sand maximum theory across prevailing wind direction over farmland surface. The size of grain composition in flux is primarily >0.01mm，with a percentage of more than 80%. The size of each kind of cultivated land wind erosion particle takes 0.1mm as a division point. The percentage for the particles with a size between 0.25 ~ 0.1mm follows a regular linear variation in 0 ~ 60cm and 20 ~ 60cm vertical height; Nutrient content including organic matter and total phosphorus in blown-sand also follows a regular linear increase with height under 60cm. ③Mixed forest of trees and shrubs, shrubbery and grassland should be the first choice for the local vegetation windbreak system due to their good effectiveness in windbreak and water & soil conservation. Therefore, by taking shelter forest as the main body, and treating the farmland display and cultivation skill as the technological approach, four kinds of agricultural production-ecology models are designed based on soil wind erosion, including mixed forest of trees and shrubs windbreak model, shrubbery windbreak model, grassland windbreak model and residue windbreak model. |
| 学科主题 | 自然地理学 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-22 |
| 分类号 | S15;S31 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2287]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 常春平. 河北坝上农田土壤风蚀防治技术与优化模式——以河北省康保县为例[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2006. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：成都山地灾害与环境研究所
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