长江上游典型区侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流土体特性及微形态学比较研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 廖超林 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2006 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 成都 |
| 导师 | 何毓蓉 |
| 关键词 | 侵蚀 滑坡 泥石流土体特性及微形态学比较研究 |
| 其他题名 | A Comparative Study on Soil Features and Micromorphology of Erosion, Landslide and Debrisflow of Typical Region in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 山区常见的侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流等灾害，是关系国计民生的重大问题。全球环境变化，这类灾害的发生也日趋广泛和加剧。我国是多山的国家，灾害的影响必然影响山区可持续发展。侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流研究就显得非常重要了。目前从各专业角度对侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流研究已经取得了很多成果。但从土壤微形态学方面对侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流土体的研究还未见报道。本文分别选择了长江上游的贡嘎山区、川中紫色丘陵区盐亭和云南东川蒋家沟泥石流源区的典型侵蚀土体；三峡库区典型滑坡土体(云阳鸡扒子滑坡)；蒋家沟典型泥石流土体等为研究对象，比较研究了其土体特性及微形态特征。1、土体特性(1) 侵蚀性土体：研究了土体的理化性、矿物组成、抗蚀性、养分特性。对这些特性进行综合分析和比较，从总体上看出，贡嘎山区土体好于川中丘陵区土体，好于蒋家沟泥石流区土体。其中贡嘎山土体特性，不同剖面间变化趋势不明显。川中丘陵区侵蚀坡地的土体特性，表现随坡位而变化，低坡位土体特性较好。蒋家沟泥石流源区土体特性，则表现出随着海拔的降低而变差。(2) 滑坡土体：表现出滑坡体前部土体好于滑坡体后部，与滑坡不同部位的母质特性、水分状况、耕作利用等有关。而滑塌面则主要受滑塌作用，其土体特性总体上都不如其它部位的土体。(3) 泥石流土体：泥石流土体的颗粒组成、结构状况和养分含量等，都较其它土体类型要差。其主要原因是泥石流土体受其自身的运动力的作用的破坏有重要的关联。同时泥石流土体与侵蚀土体、滑坡土体相比，其大多数特性都较差。不同侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流土体在性状上的差异体现了各自所处的生态环境、成土因素的影响。同时其不同的土体特性又分别对所在地侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流的形成机制和过程产生较大的影响。2、土体分形特征通过对侵蚀、滑坡及泥石流土体的微团聚体、颗粒组成和孔隙分形特征的研究，结果表明其土体均表现出很好的分形结构特征：侵蚀性土体中，微团聚体的分维值表现出贡嘎山土体高于川中丘陵区土体，高于蒋家沟泥石流源区土体, 说明贡嘎山土体稳定性好于川中丘陵区土体和蒋家沟泥石流源区土体；颗粒组成的分维值与孔隙分维值均表现出川中丘陵区土体>贡嘎山土体>蒋家沟泥石流区土体的变化趋势。滑坡体各部位土体分维差异较大，滑坡体后部土体颗粒和孔隙分维值大于前部，而微团聚体分维值相反。泥石流土体的微团聚体分维大于侵蚀性土体和滑坡土体，而颗粒组成和孔隙分维值相反，主要是泥石流浆体特性的影响。3、土体微形态学研究(1) 侵蚀性土体中，贡嘎山土体微垒结类型和微结构较好，土壤抗蚀性较强；川中丘陵盐亭侵蚀土体微结构较差，土壤抗蚀性较弱；蒋家沟泥石流源区侵蚀土体主要为不发育的微结构，其固相组成、颗粒形态、微垒结类型、微孔隙形态、微结构组成等微形态类型特征都对土体抗蚀性有不良的影响，土体十分脆弱和不稳定。(2) 滑坡土体（三峡地区云阳县鸡扒子滑坡）的微形态研究中，看出：在滑移土体中，骨骼颗粒细、较大的岩屑多已蚀圆等特征；有斑晶嵌埋状微垒结、紧实胶凝状微垒结等微结构特征等，都有利于滑坡的形成和运动。观察到指纹状微结构、定向片状超微结构等与滑坡形成有关的微形态特征；在滑面上土体中发现有光性定向粘粒集合体、铁锰形成物、玻璃形成物等对诊断滑坡形成和活动性有关的微形态现象。(3) 泥石流土体中，观察到骨骼颗粒大小混杂特征、骨骼颗粒泥质包裹特征、细粒物质的湖泥状基质、细裂隙碎裂状微结构、平行裂隙碎裂状微结构、骨骼颗粒裂隙错位微结构等为分析泥石流的形成和机制提供了有诊断意义的土体微形态特征。同时在扫瞄电镜下观察到微刻痕微结构、挤压划擦特征、粘土片定向层状微结构、涡流旋转粘土片特征、碎屑擦槽、石英撞击坑等超微形态特征等。这些研究结果对深入分析泥石流的形成和运动特点都是重要微形态证据。4、土体微形态成果的应用研究(1) 在土壤系统分类中的应用 应用土壤微形态学对侵蚀、滑坡及泥石流土体特征研究的成果，结合其它岩土特性初步提出了侵蚀、滑坡及泥石流土体的诊断特征及其指标，从而建议在土壤系统分类中建立该类土体的侵蚀特征、滑坡岩性特征、泥石流堆积物岩性特征等3个新的诊断特征。(2) 在土相研究中的应用 论文应用土壤微形态对侵蚀、滑坡泥石流土体的土相进行了研究，表明通过土相的研究，不但可以全面的了解成土环境特点、土壤属性特征和土壤微观形态。还能够从土壤发生过程和形态上，区分侵蚀作用、滑坡应力作用和泥石流运动堆积等的本质特征。(3) 在农业和环境安全评价上的应用 论文应用土壤微形态对土壤肥力与农业利用进行了评价，发现贡嘎山区侵蚀性土体，土壤微结构状况总体上较优，微结构类型丰富，土壤肥力水平较高。川中盐亭侵蚀性土体微结构不稳定，抗蚀抗旱性弱，土壤肥力还需要进一步改善。蒋家沟泥石流源区侵蚀土体中，土体微形态特征发育较差，其土壤肥力有粗骨性、瘦瘠、薄蚀等问题。在山地灾害土壤微形态应用研究中，对滑坡土体微形态研究的应用，论文分析了其形成和活动性的诊断土体微形态特征，而对泥石流土体的微形态应用研究，发现泥石流土体的无分选性特征，石英颗粒表面有撞击坑特征、岩屑的泥质包裹体微形态特征以及粘土基质的收缩性特征等独特的微形态特征。这些微形态特征都有助于对滑坡、泥石流等山地灾害的形成机制、活动性及防治等研究的深入。 |
| 英文摘要 | The hazards such as erosion, landslide and debrisflow in mountainous region are key problems for the national welfare and people’s livelihood. And this kinds of hazards have became widespread and severely with global environmental change. China is a mountainous country and the hazard is to affect the maintainable development of mountainous region, so the study on the erosion, landslide and debrisflow is very significant. At the present time, many achievements have been concluded from the study on the erosion, landslide and debrisflow by researchers of different scientific fields. However, no study was found on erosion, landslide and debrisflow by soil micromorphological methods. In this paper, the comparative study on features and micromorphological characteristic of the typical erosive soil in Gongga Mountain, Yanting County of purple hilly region in central Schuan as well as the debrisflow triggering-region in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, landslide soil in Three Gorges reservoir area (Jibazi Landslide in Yunyang County) as well as debrisflow soil in Jiangjia ravine were conducted. The main results and conclusions are as follow: 1 soil features (1) Erosive Soil: the features of soil in Gongga Mountain is better than that’s of hilly region in central Sichuan, and the soil features in hilly region of central Sichuan is better than that’s of debrisflow triggering-region in Jiangjia ravine based on the study on the soil chemical-physic features, mineral composition and nutrition. And there is no obvious varying tendency among the soil profiles in Gongga Mountain, soil features in hilly region of central Sichuan varies in soil profiles of different section of slopes and becomes worse with latitude decrease in debrisflow triggering-region of Jiangjia ravine. (2) Landslide soil: the features of soil in forehead landslide is better than that’s of landslide posterior, which relates to the parent material characteristic, water condition and land-use. Soil features in slump plane is no better than that’s of soil in other section of landslide because of landslide damage. (3) Debrisflow soil: the particle composition, structural features, nutrition and so on of debrisflow soil is worse than that’s of erosive soil and landslide soil. Which may relate to damage of kinetic force of the debrisflow. Furthermore, soil feature of debrisflow is inferior to the erosive soil and landslide soil. The differences of soil features in erosion, landslide and debrisflow embodies the impact of their different ecological environment and soil-forming factor, and the different soil features also affects the mechanism and procedure of erosion, landslide and debriflow. 2 soil fractal features All the soil has beautiful fractal structural features based on the study on the fractal features of Micro-aggregates, particle composition and pore of the erosive soil, landslide soil and debrisflow. For the erosive soil, the fractal dimension of soil micro-aggregates in Gongga Mountain is highest and that’s of debrisfow triggering-region in Jiangjia ravine is lowest, which imply that soil stability of Gongga Mountain is best and that’s of debrisfow triggering-region in Jiangjia ravine is worst. The variation of fractal dimension of particle composition and pore is soil in hilly region of central Scihuan>that’s of Gongga Mountain>soils in debrisflow triggering-region of Jiangjia ravine. There is a big gap between the soils of landslide. Both the fractal dimension of particle composition and pore of the soil in landslide forehead are higher than that’s of landslide posterior, however, the fractal dimension of soil micro-aggregates has an inverse varying tendency. The fractal dimension of micro-aggregates in debrisflow soil is higher than that’s of erosive soil and landslide soil. But the fractal dimension of soil particle composition and pore has an inverse varying tendency, which may be affected by the debrisflow fluid. 3 Soil micromorphology (1) Based on the study on the micromorphology of erosion, landslide and debrisflow soil, the results showed: for the erosive soil, the micro-structure of the soil in Gongga Mountain is best and its antierodibility is higher; the micr-structure of the soil in hilly region of central Sichuan is relative inferior and its antierodibility is relative weak; the micro-structure is mainly inferior micro-structure, all the micromorphological types such as solid phase, particle shape, type of micro-fabric, micro-pore shape and micro-structural composition have negative affection on soil antierodibility, the soil is very vulnerable and unstable. (2) For the landslide soil, the skeleton grain is fine and most of rock scrap have been weathered voids, The microstructures were found in Jibazi Landslide soil such as phenocryst imbedded micro-fabric, tight gelatinization micro-fabric, which are in favor of landslide occurrence, the fingerprint microstructure and oriented sheet ultra-structure，as well as optical beamed clay aggregates, Fe-Mn isolates and and glassy materials related to the formation and activity of landslide, related to the landslide formation were found. (3) Many peculiar microstructures providing some references to discussing the formation and mechanism of debrisflow were found, eg. Mixed skeleton grains with difference scale in diameter, rock fragment coated muddy, fine lake muddy plasma, crack disintegration microstructure, parallel crack disintegration microstructure, mismatch crack microstructure in skeleton. Furthermore, some ultra-structures providing some proof for analyzing the formation and movement sharacteristics of debrisflow were found under SEM. eg. fine crack disintegration micro-structure, extrusion paddling rub microstructure, oriented clay sheet microstructure, eddy rotary clay sheet microstructure，fragment rub conduit microstructure and quartz crash pit 4 application study of soil micromorphology (1) The soil features of erosion, landslide and debrisflow were conducted using soil micromorphology. Combining other features of rocks/soil, the soil diagnosis features and indices of erosion, landslide and debrisflow were preliminarily extracted and three new diagnosis features of erosion, lithologic character of landslide and debrisflow deposit were advised to be founded in the soil taxonomic classification. (2) Study on soil phase of erosion, landslide and debrisflow was conducted using soil micromorphology. The results revealed that: not only the soil forming environment, soil attributes and micromorphology can be cognized based on the study on soil phase, but also can distinguish essential features of erosion, landslide stress and movement and deposits of debrisflow in scale of soil genesis and morphology. (3) At the same time, the soil fertilizer and agricultural use were studied by soil micromorphology, the results show: the soil micro-structure in Gongga Mountain is excellent and the types of microstructure is rich, soil fertilizer is high; the soil microstructure of hilly region in central Sichuan is unstable and the antierodibility and drought resistance is weak, the soil fertilizer need to be improved; The soil microstructure of debris triggering-region in Jiangjia ravine is inferior and the soil fertilizer has the characteristic of coarse skeleton, lean and oligotrophic and thinning erosion. For the application study of soil micromorphology on mountainous hazards, the diagnosis micromorphological features of landslide formation and activity were analyzed, and the peculiar micromorphlogical features such as no sorting features, quartz crash pit microstructure, inclusion microstructure of rock fragment coated muddy, clay plasma shrinkage microstructure and so on were found in debrisflow soil. The micromorphological features mentioned above would provide some references for the further study on the forming mechanism, activity and control of landslide, debrisflow and so on. |
| 学科主题 | 自然地理学 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-22 |
| 分类号 | TU7;TU4 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2291]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 廖超林. 长江上游典型区侵蚀、滑坡、泥石流土体特性及微形态学比较研究[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2006. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：成都山地灾害与环境研究所
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