不同土地利用条件下泥石流滩地土壤空间分异特征研究——以云南小江流域为例
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 张秋英 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2006 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 成都 |
| 导师 | 欧国强 |
| 关键词 | 泥石流滩地 土地利用 土壤理化性质及农业化学性质 空间分异 小江流域 |
| 其他题名 | Spatial Variability of Soil Characteristics for Debris Flow Bottomland under Different Land Uses ——Case Studies in a Xiaojiang Basin, Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 我国是个多山的国家，泥石流是发生在山区的一种突发性自然现象。而小江流域由于其特殊地质构造，成为泥石流严重暴发区，由泥石流冲积形成大量的泥石流滩地。泥石流滩地是山区人类生活、生产活动的重要场所，是当地城镇建设的基础，因此开展泥石流滩地研究，对当地生产力和交通布局均具有重要意义。本研究的目的是明确不同土地利用方式对泥石流滩地土壤理化性质的影响，在此基础上揭示整个流域泥石流滩地土壤理化性质及土壤农业化学性质的空间分异特征。此外，对泥石流滩地土壤质量评价方法等问题进行了初步探讨。研究对象为云南小江流域，该流域面积3043.45km2。研究的主要方法是对整个流域按照不同的土地利用方式分别进行泥石流滩地土壤取样，取样深度为0－10、10－20、20－40、40－60、60－80cm，并对各自的土壤剖面进行土壤物理结构、化学性质、土壤农业化学性质（主要营养成分、微量元素）和生物性质（酶）进行分析。得到的主要结果如下：1. 不同土地利用条件下小江流域泥石流滩地土壤的理化性质及农业化学性质的变化特征不同土地利用方式的土壤容重均为表层最小，沿剖面深度增加而呈增加趋势。孔隙度的变化与容重相反，0~20cm土层，土壤容重顺序为：荒滩>林地>旱耕地>水浇地，孔隙度为：水浇地>旱耕地>林地>荒滩；而土壤分形维数依次为：旱耕地>水浇地>林地>荒滩。泥石流滩地土壤团聚体破坏率均在70％以上，0~20cm顺序排列为：水浇地>旱耕地>荒滩>林地。表明水浇地的团聚体是最不稳定的，荒滩和林地因长期无耕作活动其团聚体相对比较稳定。粘粒含量与团聚度的研究表明，当粘粒含量小于10%时，土壤团聚度随着粘粒含量的下降而呈增加的趋势，当大于10%时，随着粘粒含量的增加而增加pH值沿剖面深度变化上，林地土壤的pH值变幅最大，荒滩次之，旱耕地最小。4种土地利用方式土壤的全N、速效N、速效K、速效P以及有机质沿剖面的变化趋势均一致，均沿深度增加含量下降。全N含量耕地(水浇地和旱耕地)高于非耕地（林地和荒滩），水浇地的全N含量最高，达0.81 g/kg，旱耕地略高于林地，分别为0.62和0.57，荒滩的最低仅0.52 g/kg。土壤速效N含量差异主要在20cm以上土层。不同土地利用方式中各层速效P含量均以旱耕地最高。土地利用方式对耕层养分的变化影响较大。不同土地利用方式之间全P含量差异不显著，荒滩和林地土壤全P含量有随深度增加的趋势，而水浇地随深度递减，旱耕地各层变化很小。2 初步探讨了泥石流滩地的土壤脲酶活性的剖面变化不同利用方式下的滩地土壤的脲酶活性变化表明，表层呈林地>旱耕地>荒滩；下层为旱耕地>林地>荒滩。各利用方式沿剖面表现为表层0－20cm以上大于表层以下（20cm以下），荒滩仅在20cm土层存在酶活性。研究结果还表明，脲酶活性与土壤中有机质、全氮、有机氮含量之间呈显著的正相关，相关系数分别为0.887、0.691、0.807。3 揭示了整个小江流域泥石流滩地土壤的理化性质及农业化学性质的空间分异特征在土壤理化特性方面，土壤的容重、孔隙度、分散系数在空间上分异相对比较均匀，分区不明显。砾石、粉粒、旱耕地的土壤团聚度均以大桥河为界。粘粒含量和团聚体破坏率空间分异一致，分为：大箐沟以下的中值区、大箐沟到拖沓沟的高值区、拖沓沟以上为低值区。土壤的pH值空间变化相对较小。小江流域泥石流滩地土壤总体上偏碱性。在土壤农业化学性质方面，耕地的土壤N、P、K养分以及有机质含量要高于非耕地，而空间变差系数则与物理特性不同，林地和荒滩的土壤养分含量的空间变差系数要高于耕地，这均表明，人类耕作活动通过施肥等措施，不同程度地提高了养分含量，其累积效果使得空间差异变小。空间上，全N、速效N和速效K的空间分区相同，石羊沟滩地及其下游含量高，石羊沟滩地以上滩地的含量低。然而，全P和速效P空间分布规律不明显。这与磷相对稳定有关。荒滩有机质含量的空间变差系数最大，空间上乌龙河和块河滩地为低值区，其他地方为高值区。小江流域泥石流滩地土壤微量元素含量相对丰富，但空间差异很大。4 评价了小江流域泥石流滩地的土壤质量以及空间变化特征结果表明，泥石流滩地土壤质量可分为5个等级。林地的土壤质量较好，一半以上的土壤为3等以上，旱耕地的土壤质量次之，荒滩土壤质量较差，大部分为3等以下。整个小江流域泥石流滩地的综合土壤质量在空间上存在一定的差异性。 |
| 英文摘要 | China is a mountainous country. The debris flow is paroxysmal natural phenomena occurred in mountain regions. Xiaojiang basin becomes serious in debris flow due to its special geology, and a lot of bottomlands of debris flow are developed. Bottomland of debris flow is an important resource for local human life and production activities, and it is a base for town building. Therefore, the development for bottomland of debris flow is of significance to local productivity and transportation layout. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to indicate the effects of land uses on soil physical and chemical characteristics of soil in debris flow bottomland; 2) to release the spatial distribution of these characteristics over the Xiaojiang Basin based on the previous research and investigation; 3) to evaluate the soil quality of debris flow bottomland in this region. The research will provide general data and scientific foundation for the development of local debris flow bottomland. Xiaojiang Basin, located at Yunnan, China, with area of 3043.45km2, was selected to carry out the comprehensive experiments. The soil samples in four land use patterns, forest bottomland (FB), barren bottomland (BB), cropland bottomland (CB), and irrigable bottomland (IB), were taken along the soil profiles at depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm. The physical structures, chemical characteristics (including nutrients and micro-elements) were analyzed. In order to understand the spatial information of these parameters, the spatial analysis software, ArcInfo, was used to explain their distribution allover the basin. The factor analysis method was used to evaluate the soil quality of debris flow bottomland in this region. Here, the main conclusions can be summarized briefly as following: 1 Analyze profoundly the physical and chemical characteristics of debris flow bottomland in four land use patterns in Xiaojiang Basin The bulk density in four land use patterns are all increasing with the depth increasing along the soil profiles with lowest value at surface layer. The soil porosity, with opposite trends along the soil profiles to bulk density, varied from 30 % to 45 %. The order is BB>FB>CB>IB for bulk density, and IB>CB>FB>BB for soil porosity. The soil species in Xiaojiang Basin are, composition of silty loam, silty clay loam, loam, loamy sand, sand, and, sand loam. The sand loam and silty loam are predominant. The rate-of-failure of soil aggregates in the region is over 70%, with order of IB>CB>BB>FB in depth of 0 to 20 cm. The results suggest that irrigable bottomland is unstablest, and that of forest bottomland (FB) and barren bottomland (BB) without cultivation for long-term are relative stable. The results show that, soil aggregation increases with decreasing of content of soil clay particle if this content is lower than 10%, and the rate increases with the increasing of content if it is more than 10%. On the variation of pH along the soil profile, the range of pH variation at FB is widest, BB wider, and CB narrow. The contents of soil total nitrogen and available nitrogen decrease with depth increase of four kinds of land use patterns. Contents of total nitrogen in cultivated land (CB and IB) are higher than that of non-cultivated land (FB and BB), with highest content of total nitrogen in IB of 0.81, CB 0.62, FB 0.57 and BB 0.52. The content of soil available nitrogen increase after bottomland was developed into cultivated land. The content of available nitrogen has difference just above 20 cm layer. The contents of total phosphor present no significant difference among different land use patterns, the contents of soil total phosphor in FB and BB tend to rise with soil depth increase, while those of IB and CB tend to decline with depth increase, and that of CB has a little variation among different layers. 2 Explore soil urease of debris flow bottomland varying along soil profile Soil urease variation of debris flow bottomland under different land use patterns shows that the contents of soil urease in surface layer increase in the following order: FB>CB>BB, and that of undersurface: CB>FB>BB. The content of urease of all land use patterns at depth of 0-20cm is higher than that of undersurface, while soil urease exists above 20 cm layer in barren bottomland. Furthermore, the results show that soil urease is significantly positively correlated with contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen, with correlation coefficient of 0.887, 0.691 and 0.807, respectively. 3 Release the spatial variability of soil physical and chemical characteristics and agricultural chemical characteristics in debris flow bottomland throughout Xiaojiang basin The spatial distribution of soil bulk density, dispersion coefficient and the content of water aggregates are relatively symmetrical, and have no significant partition. The spatial distribution of soil pH ranged narrow, with partial alkalescence. There is no significant spatial distribution. On the agricultural chemical characteristics, the contents of nitrate, phosphorus,potassium, and organic matter in cultivated bottomland are higher than those in non-cultivated one. Whereas, the spatial variance rate of soil nutrient in forest and barren bottomland are higher that those of cultivated bottomland. This implies that cultivation with utility of fertilizer has made, to some extent, the soil nutrient improvement, and the small spatial variance results from the accumulated cultivation in long-term. In spatial, total nitrate, available nitrate and available potassium have the similar distribution, with great content in Shiyanggou debris flow bottomland and its downward region, with light content in the upward region. However, no significant spatial distribution was observed in total phosphorus and available phosphorus. Soil organic matter, with the greatest spatial variation at barren debris flow bottomland, is lower at Wulong and Kuaihe sub-basin, and high in the other region. The soil microelement, varying extremely in spatial, is relatively abundance throughout the Xiaojiang basin. 4 Evaluating the soil quality of debris flow bottomland and its spatial variability Results show that soil quality of debris flow bottomland in Xiaojiang basin can be divided into five grades. The best one is in FB up to half of over third grade, moderate in CB, and poorest in BB with most of below third grade. |
| 学科主题 | 自然地理学 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-22 |
| 分类号 | S15;X17 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2292]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张秋英. 不同土地利用条件下泥石流滩地土壤空间分异特征研究——以云南小江流域为例[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2006. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：成都山地灾害与环境研究所
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