城市污泥中有毒有机污染物的生物毒理效应及优控污染物甄别
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 刘操 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2013-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 王子健 |
| 关键词 | 城市污泥 生物测试 化学分析 生物毒性 生态风险 北京 Sewage sludge Bioassay Chemical analysis Biological toxicity Ecological risk Beijing |
| 其他题名 | Biological Effects Assessment of Toxic Organics and Discrimination of Priority Pollutants in Sewage Sludges |
| 学位专业 | 环境科学 |
| 中文摘要 | 城市污泥是污水处理的产物，产量巨大，所含成分复杂，其中的有毒有机污染物的浓度虽低，但却具有致癌性、致突变性、繁殖毒性或内分泌干扰活性等（CMR/E）生物毒害效应，这类污染物的累积和环境释放可能对生态环境和公众健康造成威胁，评价其生物毒性效应是城市污泥的安全处理处置和资源化利用过程中亟待回答的问题之一。本研究以北京城市污泥为研究对象，通过瞬时采样和24 小时连续采样两种方式，联合采用成组离体、活体生物测试技术及化学分析方法，筛选和评价北京市城市污泥的生物毒性效应，并甄别其中的优控污染物，对其生态风险进行评价。 本研究在离体生物毒性测试中采用一系列生物标志物方法来进行毒性效应筛选和评价。其中，用于检测内分泌干扰效应的方法为成组核受体测试，主要包括：检测雌激素干扰活性的重组雌激素受体(ER)基因双杂交酵母测试、检测雄激素干扰活性的重组雄激素受体(AR)基因双杂交酵母测试和检测孕激素干扰活性的重组孕激素受体(PR)基因酵母测试；用于检测类二噁英物质芳烃受体(AhR)效应的方法为H4IIE 细胞EORD 测试；用于检测遗传毒性的方法为SOS/umu 试验。研究发现，检测的城市污泥样品中类雌激素效应表现为中等强度，其它受体诱导效应不明显；同时发现城市污泥样品的有机提取液对雄激素和孕激素受体均表现出较强的抑制效应。通过比较可知，北京城市污泥已受到芳烃受体效应污染物(类二噁英物质)的轻度污染。北京城市污泥中致突变物质的污染水平很低，且无显著直 接遗传毒性检出。 分别利用河蚬、大型蚤和青鳉鱼为受试生物，开展了急性毒性、慢性毒性及繁殖毒性等活体生物毒性效应测试评估，结果表明：北京城市污泥对无脊椎动物（蚬、蚤）和脊椎动物（鱼）的生长发育均有一定影响，并且慢性毒性效应高于急性毒性。 采用 GC-MS/MS 技术分析了北京市12 个污水处理厂污泥中的15 种多环芳烃（PAHs）、27 种多溴联苯（PCBs）和15 种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量。各水厂污泥中的这三类物质浓度不等，PAHs 总浓度范围为445.1~3586.4ng/g 干重，其中菲（Phe）、蒽（Ant）、萘（Nap）、荧蒽和屈为主要的污染物，在总PAHs 中所占比例范围为69.3%~97.0%，这些污染物主要为2 个苯环和3 个苯环的化合物，表明可能的污染源为石油产品。12 个污泥样品中总PCBs的浓度范围为3.2~21.8 ng/g 干重；总的OCPs 浓度范围是38.0~143.3 ng/g 干重，其中滴滴涕（DDT）、六氯代苯（HCB）和六氯环己烷（HCHs）为主要的污染物，占OCPs 总量的69.6~97.7%。与其他地区污水处理厂相比较，北京市污水厂污泥中的PAHs、PCBs 和OCPs的含量相当或相对较低。此外，这3 类化合物的分布状态也不一致，这可能是因为污染源 不同的原因。通过对污水处理厂不同污染源的聚类分析，本研究中涉及的12 个污水处理厂污泥样品可以归为4 类。生态风险分析表明，蒽（Ant）和荧在两处样品中的检出浓度较高，但所有样品中的ΣPAHs 和ΣPCBs 的检出浓度均低于ERL 值，说明存在较低的生态风险；在ΣOCPs 方面，有83%的污泥样品中的ΣDDT 浓度高于ERL 值，从化学分析结果来看，ΣDDT 的生态风险主要来源于p,p’-DDE；氯丹类化合物总浓度高于ERL 值的样品占50%，这些有机污染物会造成不良的生态效应。 |
| 英文摘要 | Sewage sludge was producted by waste water treatment. It had huge volume and contained lots of ingredients, including persistant organic pollutants (POPs). Although, the concentrations of POPs were rather low, they had serious biological toxic effects such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity and endocrine disrupting activity (CMR/E). The accumulation of pollutants and environmental release may pose threats to ecological environment and public health. It is urgent to evaluate the biotoxity effects of sewage sludge during the course of safety disposal and resource utilization. Therefore, the research focused on the sewage sludges in Beijing in this study. The sewage sludge samples were collected from typical sewage treatment plants in Beijing by the ways of instantaneous sampling and 24 hours of continuous sampling. A screening assessment was conducted on sewage sludge samples based on a batch of in vitro bioassays. The recombinant yeast cell bioassays were performed for organic extracts of sludge samples to detect their agonistic and antagonistic effects on estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR) and progestin receptor (PR). The H4IIE cells Ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay was used to evaluate the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) effects. The SOS/umu test was used for the assessment of genotoxicity. It was found that the estrogen-like effects of sewage sludge samples were in moderate level (0.9 ng E2/g to 6.8 ng E2/g dw), but relative higher androgenic antagonists (nd to 45%), progestinic antagonists (nd to 80%), as well as AhR agonists (1.39 ng/g dw to 6.74 ng/g dw). In general, estrogen-like effects were in moderate level and other receptors inductive effects were unremarkable in Beijing typical sewage sludge samples. Beijing sewage sludges were slightly contaminated by aromatic hydrocarbon receptor effects pollutants (dioxins-like substances). The level of mutagenic effects was very low in the samples.Furthermore, no significant direct genotoxicity was detected in the samples. The biological effects of acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and reproductive toxicity of sewage sludge samples were assessed by using Corbicula fluminea, Daphnia magna and medaka as test subjects, respectively. The results show that there could be some effects on the growth and development of invertebrates (clams, flea) and vertebrate (fish). And the effects of chronic toxicity were worse than those of acute toxicity. The concentrations of three classes of persistent organic compounds (POPs) in the sewage sludge from Beijing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated and their ecological risks were assessed. The concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 27 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludge were measured using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) technique. The total PAHs con-centrations ranged from 445.1 to 3586.4 ng/g dry weight (dw), and the sum of the phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), naphthalene (Nap), fluoranthene and chrysene accounted for 69.3%~97.0 % of the total PAHs. The most abundant compounds present were 2-ring and 3-ring Ant, Phe and Nap, indicating a possible petrogenic source. Total PCBs concentrations were ranged between 3.2 and 21.8 ng/g dw. Total OCPs concentrations ranged from 38.0 to 143.3 ng/g dw, and the sum of total DDT, HCB and HCHs accounted for 69.6~97.7 % of the total OCPs. The levels of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in this study were comparable to or lower than those reported in relatively WWTPs from other regions. In addition, they were also shown to have various distribution patterns, possibly due to their different wastewater sources. The 12 WWTPs may be classified into 4 groups because of their different sources of waste water based on cluster analysis.The ecological risk assessment shows that the concentrations of Ant or Fla at two sites, p,p 35 0-DDE and PDDT at 83 % of the 12 sites may cause adverse ecological effects. |
| 公开日期 | 2014-10-28 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/7709]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_环境水质学国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 刘操. 城市污泥中有毒有机污染物的生物毒理效应及优控污染物甄别[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2013. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
浏览0
下载0
收藏0
其他版本
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。