Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and UHMWPE composites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) were successfully fabricated through a new step of liquid-phase ultrasonic dispersion, high-speed ball-mill mixing, and hot-pressing molding technology. When the GO/UHMWPE composites were lubricated with deionized water (DW) and normal saline (NS) solution, their friction and wear properties were investigated through sliding against ZrO₂. The worn surface and wear volume losses of these composites were studied with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a Micro-XAM 3D noncontact surface profiler. The results show that the microhardness of the GO/UHMWPE composites was improved by 13.80% and the wear rates were decreased by 19.86 and 21.13%, whereas the depths of the scratches were decreased by 22.93 and 23.77% in DW and NS lubricating conditions, respectively.