基于利益相关者分析的二噁英污染管理研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 王琳 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 吕永龙 |
| 关键词 | 二噁英 政策整合 工业结构 风险预警 风险认知 利益相关者 PCDD/Fs policy integration industrial structure risk and early-warning risk perception stakeholders |
| 其他题名 | PCDD/Fs pollution management based on stakeholders analysis |
| 学位专业 | 环境经济与环境管理 |
| 中文摘要 | 自 2001年我国签订斯德哥尔摩公约以来，政府部门、企业及公众在二噁英减排中都发挥了积极作用，但也存在一定的问题和局限性。多数地方政府在区域减排策略中只是照搬国家相关规定，对当地经济、环境的实际情况考虑不足；二噁英控制技术在企业中的应用率不高，亟需构建污染风险预警管理体系；公众则存在认知不够全面、不能有效发挥监督作用的现状。针对上述问题，本研究以利益相关者分析方法为研究框架，重点对政府、企业和公众在二噁英管理中的作用和影响进行了评价，并最终提出区域层面二噁英减排的综合管理模式框架。 我国直接制定的二噁英法规政策已涵盖二噁英生命周期的主要环节，并涉及条例、部门政策、标准等不同法规层次；二噁英污染控制目标也被整合到其它经济、工业、环境政策中。但在具体实施过程中，仍存在基础数据薄弱、日常监管困难、管理队伍专业素质不足等问题。 2008年山东省二噁英总排放量（614.1 g I-TEQ）比 2006年（401.9 g I-TEQ）有显著增长，2010年的排放量（601.8 g I-TEQ）比 2008年略微下降。影响山东省二噁英排放量变化的三个因素中，结构因素的影响最大，且起到增加排放的作用（以 2006年为基年，其对 2008年和 2010年排放量的增长分别贡献了 43.4%和 120.6%）；技术因素也是使排放增长的影响因素（2008为 34.7%、2010为 7.4%）；规模因素在 2008年使排放增长（21.9%）、在 2010年使排放降低（-28.0%）。为减少全省二噁英的排放，在工业结构调整过程中，优先控制的行业是铁矿石烧结、钢铁、再生有色金属行业。再生有色金属和废弃物焚烧行业中未配置布袋除尘器或电除尘器的设施，应严格禁止生产和新建。可促进企业兼并重组这一政策工具的实施，将对小型企业的淘汰和升级起到有效作用。 对山东省 17个市的二噁英排放结构特征进行分析，结果表明各个城市的排放差异显著，少量的几个城市的排放量支配着山东省的总排放量（如烟台、莱芜、日照、淄博和济南市），每个城市的二噁英排放并不稳定。对比分析 2006、2008和 2010年的排放结构的聚类结果可以得出，全省二噁英排放结构种类呈现变少的趋势。工业产业链发展、工业政策的实施及当地的工业发展水平是影响二噁英排放结构的主要因素。相比于 2010年，适度的环境管理（情景 1）可减少 28.90%的二噁英，严厉的环境管理（情景 2）可减少 45.90%的二噁英。 构建了二噁英污染事故的预警指标体系，工业过程中的原料组成、温度、停留时间、含氧量、氯含量等因素对二噁英的生成影响较大，因此一些间接的、易测量的指标（如生产温度、烟气中的氧气含量等）可在预警中发挥重要作用。为保障预警体系的有效实施，本研究构建了预警响应机制及政策保障机制，包括对风险源的动态清单管理和定期评估，及时有效的警情上报，各部门的协调合作等。 企业在选择二噁英污染技术时，优先考虑的是技术成熟度、经济成本和效果等方面的属性，受国家鼓励性政策、专家意见等社会因素影响相对较小。在政府部门无强制政策的情况下，企业实施二噁英控制的经济驱动力明显不足。因此， 政府管理部门需要对相关政策的实施加强监管，促进企业的主动减排行为。 公众认知结构呈现出对“二噁英常见排放源”的认知（比例大于 70%）大于对“附近工厂是否在排放二噁英”、“二噁英健康危害”、“二噁英污染控制政策”的认知（比例基本各为 50%）。“附近工厂是否发生过环境污染事故”、“是否有家庭成员在附近工厂工作”、以及被访者的“教育程度”是影响公众二噁英排放风险认知的主要因素。 结合政府、企业和公众的相互关系的分析及作用、影响的评价结果，本研究提出区域层面二噁英综减排的综合管理模式框架，包括四个基本步骤：数据调查—制定减排策略—具体执行—成效监督。 |
| 英文摘要 | Since the Stockholm Convention was signed in China in 2001, the government departments, industries and public have played positive roles in PCDD/Fs elimination. However, there are also some problems and limitations. Most of the local governments only quoted the provisions of the national policies without enough consideration of local economic and environmental conditions when making regional elimination strategy. The PCDD/Fs control technologies were not widely applied in industries and there is an urgent for establishment of risk and early-warning management system. The public are facing the fact of insufficient perceptions and can not play the role of supervision effectively. Based on the framework of stakeholder analysis method, the roles and influence were evaluated. Finally, the comprehensive management framework for regional PCDD/Fs elimination was formed. The laws and policies direct for PCDD/Fs management, which were regulations, policies and standards, have covered the main parts of lifecycle of PCDD/Fs. The objective of PCDD/Fs control has also been integrated into other economic, industrial and environmental policies. There are also some problems in the process of policy implementation, including the weakness in basic statistics, difficulties of daily supervision and management staff lacking professional knowledge. PCDD/Fs emissions in Shandong Province in 2008 (614.1 g I-TEQ) increased significantly compared with 2006 (401.9 g I-TEQ). The emissions in 2010 (601.8 g I-TEQ) decreased slightly compared with 2008. Composition effect had the largest influence in the PCDD/Fs emission change, and also played the emission-increasing roles (contributed 43.4% and 120.6% in 2008 and 2010 based on 2006). Technology effect was also an emission-increasing factor (contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010). Scale effect increased the emission in 2008 (21.9%) and decreased the emissions in 2010 (-28.0%). In order to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions, the prior controlled sectors in the process of industrial structure adjustment are iron ore sintering, steelmaking and secondary non-ferrous metal. Facilities without bag filters or electrostatic precipitators in secondary non-ferrous metal and waste incineration sectors should be strictly banned to install and produce. The policy instruments for promoting mergers and reorganization of enterprises will be effective in the upgrade or elimination of small-sized facilities and industries. Character of PCDD/Fs emission structure for 17 cities in Shandong Province was analyzed. It indicated that there are significant differences in the emissions among these cities. Emissions of few cities, including Yantai, Laiwu, Rizhao, Zibo and Jinan City, dominated the total emission in Shandong Province. The emissions of every city were not stable either. Compared the results of cluster analysis of cities’ emission structure in 2006, 2008 and 2010, it indicated that the category of emission structure becoming less. The development of industrial chain, implementation of industrial policies and local industrial development level were the main factors affecting the PCDD/Fs emission structure. PCDD/Fs reduction of 28.90% and 45.90% were got under the moderate condition of environmental management and severe conditions, respectively. The index system of PCDD/Fs pollution incidents for early warning was formed.The factors including composition of raw materials, temperature, residence time, level of oxygen and chlorine affect the PCDD/Fs greatly. Therefore, the indirect and easily-measured indices such as temperature and level of oxygen in exhaust gas could play important roles in early warning. To ensure the effective implementation of this system, the mechanisms for response and policy guarantee were also formulated. These mechanisms contain dynamic inventory management and periodical assessment of risk sources, timely and effective report of warning conditions, and coordination and cooperation among the relevant departments. The maturity, cost and effectiveness were the prior aspects considered by the decision-makers of industry when they choosing PCDD/Fs control technology. Social factors, such as the national encourage policy and opinions of experts, were considered little. Under the circumstances of lack of compulsive policy issued by the government, the economic driving force of PCDD/Fs control in industries was inadequate. Therefore, the government should strengthen the supervision of implementation and promote the industries reducing emission actively. The structure of public risk perception of PCDD/Fs presented that the perception of PCDD/Fs emission source (more than 70%) was higher than the perception of whether PCDD/Fs emission being from industry nearby (about 50%), PCDD/Fs’ harm to human health (about 50%), and PCDD/Fs control policy (about 50%). The main affecting factors on public risk perceptions of PCDD/Fs emissions were whether PCDD/Fs emission being from industry nearby, whether the family member working in the industry nearby and the public education background. Combing the interactions of government, industry and public and their roles and influence, the comprehensive management framework for regional PCDD/Fs elimination was formed. It contains four steps, which are data investigation, elimination strategy making, implementation and effectiveness supervision. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-07-07 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/15640]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王琳. 基于利益相关者分析的二噁英污染管理研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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