东江流域典型行业排水毒性表征及评估研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 李兆利
|
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 王子健,查金苗 |
| 关键词 | 排水毒性 印染 电镀 电路板 造纸 城市污水 Effluent toxicity printing and dyeing electroplating printed circuit board paper and pulp municipal sewage |
| 其他题名 | Characterization and Assessment of Toxicities of Effluents from Typical Industries in Dongjiang River Watershed |
| 学位专业 | 环境工程 |
| 中文摘要 | 随着工农业生产的迅速发展，大量污染物被排入水体中，水体污染问题日趋严重。未经妥善处理的工业废水、生活污水和农业排水是造成水体污染的主要原因。以化学分析为主的传统监测手段不能检测废水中的全部污染物，更不能测定有毒有害物质的毒性效应、生物有效性和可能存在的联合作用。美国环境保护署发展了一系列综合排水生物毒性测试方法，用于检测排放废水和受纳水体对不同水生生物的综合毒性效应。不同国家或组织也相继开发了各自的排水急、慢性毒性测试方法，并制定了相应的排水毒性排放标准。我国的排水生物毒性研究尚处于起步阶段，没有制定成组的排水生物毒性测试标准方法，更没有开展对不同行 业的排水急、慢毒性的系统研究。 本研究利用优化的成组急性毒性和短期慢性毒性测试方法，检测了印染业、电镀业、电路板制造业、造纸业和城市污水处理厂等5 个东江流域典型行业共计83 个排水水样的生物毒性效应，初步得到了不同行业的排水水样对发光菌Q67、普通小球藻、大型溞和青鳉鱼的急性毒性，以及对大型溞繁殖和青鳉鱼卵孵化的短期慢性毒性效应。并且，利用毒性判别和表征来定性描述5 个不同行业排水的急、慢毒性特征。此外，根据受试生物所属的营养级，对4 个急性毒性测试方法的结果赋予不同的权重值，提出新的毒性单位指数——加权最大急性毒性单位。在最大急、慢性毒性单位的基础上，定量评估了具有明显毒性效应的印染、电镀和电路板制造行业排水水样的毒性强度和毒性负荷。 本研究得到以下主要结论：1、不同受试生物对不同行业排水毒性的敏感程度不同。青鳉鱼对印染行业排水急、慢性毒性的敏感性最高；而大型溞对电镀和电路板制造行业排水毒性的敏感程度最高。2、具有急、慢性毒性的水样数量以及毒性等级在不同行业间均存在着明显的差异性。电镀行业排水水样的毒性水平最高，其次为电路板制造行业，再次之为印染行业。造纸业和城市污水处理厂排水基本不具有急性毒性效应，少量水样具有短期慢性毒性。大部分造纸业水样刺激了藻类的生长，需控制排水中氮、磷等营养物质的含量。3、基于定量指标——最大毒性单位，电镀行业排水水样的急、慢性毒性强度最大，印染和电路板制造业排水的毒性强度基本一致。4、将废水排放量也纳入评价体系中时，印染、电镀和电路板制造行业排水水样的急性毒性负荷之间不存在显著的统计学差异，但是，印染行业排水的慢性毒性负荷高于电镀和电路板行业。 上述结论说明，不同物种对典型行业排水毒性的敏感度不同，应根据行业类型选择合适的成组生物毒性测试类型，优先选择最敏感物种的急性和短期慢性毒性测试方法。根据不同的定性、定量评价指标，会得到不同的排水毒性评价结果，因此，对排水毒性的评价应选择多项指标的综合评价。此外，对行业排水的毒性研究不能只关注毒性强度，同时要考虑对受纳水体的毒性贡献，做到有毒污染物排放浓度和总量的双重控制。 |
| 英文摘要 | With the rapid development of industrial and agricultural industries, a large amount of pollutants were discharged into water bodies, and then water pollution has become more serious. The main causes of water pollution are industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and agricultural drainage without the proper treatment. Chemicalspecific approach for monitoring could not detect all pollutants present in wastewater, and could not measure toxicity, bioavailablility, and interactions of mixtures. USEPA developed a series of whole effluent toxicity testing approaches, which were applied to determine directly the aggregate effect of all chemicals present in the effluent or receiving water. Different countries or organizations developed their testing methods for acute and chronic toxicities of effluents, and drew up discharging limits of effluent toxicity. However, research of effluent toxicity in China is in beginning stage. There are not available of a battery of testing methods for effluent toxicity, and a systemic study of acute and short-term chronic toxicities of effluents from different industries. In the present study, a battery of acute and short-term chronic toxicity testing approaches was applied to determine adverse effects of 83 effluent samples from five different typical industries in Dongjiang River Basin, including printing and dyeing, electroplating, printed circuit board manufacturing, paper and pulp, and municipal sewage treatment plants. Results were obtained of acute toxicities of effluents samples on luminescent bacteria Q67, Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes, as well as chronic toxicities on D. magna reproduction and on fish embryos hatching. Moreover, the detection and characterization of toxicities were utilized to illustrate qualitatively toxicity properties of these five industries. Furthermore, based on trophic levels of test organisms, a new toxicity index, weighted maximum cute toxicity unit, was created by setting different weight values to results of acute toxicity tests. With maximum values of acute and chronic toxic units, total toxic units and toxic loading were assessed quantitatively of effluents from printing and dyeing, electroplating, and printed circuit board manufacturing industries. The main conclusions obtained in this work are as follows: 1. The test organisms showed different sensitivities to effluents from different industries. The fish tests were the most sensitive to effluents from printing and dyeing industry, while the daphnid tests were the most sensitive to effluents from electroplating, and printed circuit board manufacturing industries. 2. The numbers of samples with acute and chronic toxicities, as well as toxic levels, were different between these five industries. The electroplating industry had the highest toxic effects, followed by printed circuit board industry, and printing and dyeing industry. The effluents from paper and pulp industry and sewage treatment plants showed no acute toxicity, and a few of effluents exhibited chronic toxicities. The growth stimulation of algae indicated that most effluents from paper and pulp industry contained nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients. 3. Based on a quantitative index, maximum toxic unit, electroplating industry had the largest toxic units, while printing and dyeing and printed circuit board industry showed the same maximum toxic units. 4. When considering flow amount of effluent, the acute toxic loading of samples from three industries was similar to each other, while the largest chronic toxic loading was found in effluents from printing and dyeing industry. The conclusions demonstrated that test organisms showed different sensitivities to effluents from different industries, and that battery bioassays should be chosen for certain industry type, and the most sensitive organism should be selected. Moreover, different results were obtained according to qualitative and quantitative assessment indexes. Furthermore, toxic loading should be given the same concerns as toxic unit in the assessment of effluent toxicity. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-07-08 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/15621]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_环境水质学国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李兆利. 东江流域典型行业排水毒性表征及评估研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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