册田水体修复示范基地构建与MLS技术调控
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 张增光 |
| 学位类别 | 博士后 |
| 答辩日期 | 2013-12-03 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 庄国强，潘纲 |
| 关键词 | 册田水库 富营养化 改性当地土壤 生态恢复 水-沉积物界面 Cetian reservoir Eutrophication Modified local soil Ecological restoration Water-sediment interface |
| 其他题名 | Construction of field research base for water environment restoration and regulation using MLS |
| 学位专业 | 环境工程 |
| 中文摘要 | 水体富营养化已经全球瞩目的水环境问题之一，随着对富营养化危害的不断认知，一些外源性污染逐渐受到重视并得到控制，而內源性污染的治理逐渐成为水环境科学研究中的热点和难点问题。目前内源污染治理可以归纳为化学方法，机械方法和生物方法，但都受到效率、成本、生态安全、多功效等方面的限制。近些年，潘纲等发展了壳聚糖改性当地土壤技术（Modified Local Soils，MLS），经过大量室内模拟和在太湖梅梁湾中的应用，实现了原位快速提高水体透明度和降低水中氮磷营养盐水平。在此基础上，结合国际创新的纳米气泡技术进行富氧土制备-覆盖，实现对底泥厌氧环境的改善，为沉水植被恢复创造适宜条件，同时可有效防止底泥中营养盐向水体释放导致二次污染。 但由于受到自然环境诸多不可控因素的限制，目前国内外针对湖泊/水库富营养化控制和治理的成功技术很多产生于室内小尺度模拟实验，但由于室内条件与全湖尺度上存在很大差异，导致室内实验结果在全湖尺度的治理工程实践应用中效果并不理想。因此，若能够针对富营养化治理技术建立全湖尺度上的模拟研究，对于今后湖泊科学的研究具有重大意义。尤其是对于我国而言，以太湖，巢湖，滇池为主的众多处于高度富营养化状态湖泊的治理一直是亟待解决的重大水环境问题，这就更体现出在全湖尺度上进行湖泊富营养化控制与治理技术研究的实际需求。大同市位于黄土高原是严重缺水城市，地面水资源匮乏，多年来一直超采地下水，严重造成了地面沉降、地裂隙和地下水污染及一系列环境危害，为此大同市政府于1989年投资修建了册田水库引水工程，但由于水体富营养化严重，册田水库至今未能给大同市供水，因此解决册田水库供水问题迫在眉睫。 针对以上情况，本人在博士后工作期间协助导师课题组与大同市相关单位进行规划设计册田水库示范研究基地建设方案并付诸实施，同时采用改性当地土壤湖泊综合生态修复技术（MLS-IER）对册田水库进行水质、底质改善和沉水植被恢复研究，并对水-沉积物界面的营养盐迁移、转化的调控技术进行研究，进而为实现整个库区水环境的生态修复奠定基础。 本工作主要有两部分组成： 一是在册田水库旁边建立全湖模拟尺度，中型模拟尺度和原位柱尺度的综合示范研究基地； 二是结合全湖，中型实验规模（mesocosm），原位柱三个不同空间尺度上进行MLS-IER技术对册田水库水环境生态修复的实验研究。在示范区内进行MLS-IER技术全湖尺度上的模拟研究，通过对水体透明度、叶绿素、营养盐、主要污染物和沉水植被生长情况等的监测研究水质改善及生态修复的短期及长期响应效果。其次，通过在mesocosm模拟系统中采用MLS-IER技术，进行水质改善、底泥改善、水-沉积物界面的实验研究。最后，通过采用册田水库水在示范基地进行原位柱培养实验，研究MLS-IER技术对富营养化水体水质、底质改善，沉水植被恢复效果。 研究结果如下： 1、改性当地土壤-生态修复技术（MLS-IER）实施后，对册田水库的水质在短期及长期都有非常明显的改善作用。 （1）能快速去除册田水库水中的藻类、悬浮颗粒物等，降低水体浊度、叶绿素含量，提高水体透明度； （2）能有效降低册田水库水中氮、磷的含量，使水体中TN含量下降至地表III类水标准、TP含量接近地表I类水标准； （3）对水体中铝、铅、氟化物、硫酸盐等有一定的去除效果并随着沉水植被的恢复具有长期效应，提升水质； （4）成功恢复沉水植被，3个月沉水植被覆盖率可达85%以上，其中马来眼子菜的吸附氮磷累积量最大。 2、利用环境纳米技术将氧纳米气泡负载在土壤、活性炭等材料上进行絮凝后覆盖的MLS-IER技术，可明显改善水体及底质条件，沉水植被恢复后，改善效果更加明显，且载氧活性炭覆盖效果要好于载氧土覆盖。 3、改性土壤絮凝-载氧活性炭覆盖技术能有效改善沉积物界面溶解氧，氧化还原电位条件，对于水-沉积物界面营养盐通量及变化规律具有明显改善作用。 （1）MLS-IER技术可有效改善水-沉积物界面的溶氧和氧化还原条件； （2）可有效降低底泥中的不同形态N、P含量； （3）可有效降低水—沉积物界面的营养盐向水体释放，有利于底泥营养盐固定。 综上所述，在册田水库实施MLS-IER技术的示范研究说明，MLS-IER技术可快速、安全、高效地将藻类、悬浮颗粒物转移至底泥中，实现水质的快速改善，提高透明度与溶解氧，再通过载氧覆盖材料的进行薄层覆盖的情况下实现沉降污染物的固定与再悬浮控制，改善底质的同时增强了水-沉积物界面营养盐的稳定性。进一步通过沉水植被的恢复，有效降低水体中的铝、氟化物等污染物含量，优化水体生境，恢复生态多样性，实现营养元素的良性再循环与再利用，使水体生态系统趋于健康、稳定、完善，从根本上解决水体富营养化问题。 |
| 英文摘要 | Eutrophication has become one of the global attention problems of water environment. With the harm of eutrophication has been known, some exogenous pollution has already received great attention and control, and endogenous pollution has become a hot and difficult problem in the research of water environmental science. At present, the endogenous pollution can be divided into chemical method, mechanical method and biological method, but they have limitations in efficiency, cost, ecological safety, multi-function. In recent years, Pan Gang developed the chitosan modified local soil technology (MLS), based on a large number of indoor simulation and application in Meiliang Bay, Taihu. The MLS was testified for in situ fast improve water transparency and reducing nitrogen and phosphorus in water. Moreover, Pan et al. developed the nanobubble technology which was konwn as international innovation, and made oxygen enriched soil for capping which can improve anaerobic environment in sediment, create favorable conditions for the restoration of submerged vegetation, and can effectively prevent the nutrient release into water from sediment. However, due to many uncontrollable factors in the natural environment, successful technology of eutrophication control for lake or reservoir are produced in small scale and indoor simulation experiment, resulting in indoor experiment results can not perfect applied in practice at the whole lake scale. Therefore, it is of great important for the future of lake science if we can construct an whole lake simulation research base for the treatment technology of eutrophication. Especially for China, which has many highly eutrophic lakes such as Taihu, Chaohu, Dianchi, the whole lake simulation and research has become the actual requirements for control and treatment technology of lake eutrophication. Datong city is situated in loess plateau; it is a serious water scarcity city that the surface water scarcity and the ground subsidence, ground fissures, groundwater pollution and a series of enviromental hazards due to the overexploitation of groundwater over years. Datong city government invested built Cetian reservoir water diversion project in 1989, due to the serious water pollution, Cetian reservoir has failed to supply water until now. Therefore it is urgent to solve the problem of Cetian reservoir. In this study, 1) Cetian research base and facility were designed and built. The base were built from April 2012, up to now, three groups of research facilities were completely built in the base, which consists of 8 replicated natural water ponds, 12 large mesocosm systems, and onside indoor lab facilities. Besides, the research field also con-tain about 40000 m2 designated lands together with the constructed water systems which can be used to simulate various environmental processes at an ecologically meaningful scale, including putting toxic algal blooms into healthy food web, removing and turning pollutants in the water and use them in-situ as resources for aquatic ecologic-al restoration, land-water interactions, simulated river processes, simulated lake processes, food-energy-water related novel technology testing studies, and N and P cycles amo-ng different ecological systems (i.e., agricultural systems, wetlands, rivers and lakes). 2) MLS-IER technology were used to improve the water quality in Cetian reservoir, to regulate the transformation and degradation of nutrients on water - sediment interface to restore the submerged macrophytes. The main results were obtained: 1.After the MLS-IER technology implementation，the improvement of water quality in Cetian reservoir was very obviously both in short term and long term. (1)The technology can quickly remove the algal, suspended particulate, reduce the water turbidity, chlorophyll-a, increase the water transparency and provide a good condition for the growth of submerged macrophytes in water of Cetian reservoir. (2) After the MLS-IER technology implementation, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in water of Cetian reservoir were removed efficiently, and the concentration of TN decreased to class III of environmental quality standards for surface water, the concentration of TP closed to class I of environmental quality standards for surface water. (3) The technology had certain effect on removing Al, Pb, fluoride, sulfate et al in water and can long-term response with the recovery of submerged macrophytes, then improve the water quality. (4) The technology can recover the submerged macrophytes successfully, the coverage rate of submerged macrophytes can reach more than 85% when the third month, the largest adsorption and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus amount of the submerged macrophytes is bambooleaf pondweed. 2. The technology that is the MLS-IER technology after the bottom was covered with the flocculation of materials such as soil, activated carbon which was oxygen-loaded by Nano technology can obviously improve the conditions of water and sediment. After the restoration of submerged macrophytes, the improvement effect is more obvious. And the effect coverage by oxygen-loaded activated carbon is better than the soil. 3. The MLS and oxygen-loaded activated carbon flocculation covering technology had a very successful governance effect on natural eutrophic water. (1) The technology had obvious effect on the removal of water turbidity, TN, TP , PO43-, at the same time can increase the dissolved oxygen of water, improve the redox conditions on water - sediment interface. (2) Different forms of N, P in sediment were removed. (3) The MLS can effectively change the concentration and the change rule of the nutrient on water-sediment interface, and increase the stability of the SRP and ammonia nitrogen in interstitial water. To sum up, the experiment implemented in Cetian reservoir with MLS-IER technology shows that the MLS-IER technology can transfer the algae, suspended particulate to the sediment fast, safty and efficiently, can realize the quick improvement of water quality, increase the water transparency and dissolved oxygen. Then through the innovation of the cover oxygen-loaded material, under the condition of covered by a thin layer, the technology realize the fixing and resuspension control of settling pollutants, improve the sediment, at the same time enhance the stability of nutrient on water-sediment interface. Further, by the recovery of submerged macrophytes, the technology can effectively reduce the concentration of contaminant in water such as Al, fluoride, optimizing water habitat, restore ecological diversity, realize the benign recycle and reuse of nutrient elements, lead the water ecological system to the healthy, stable and perfect, solve the problem of eutrophication water fundamentally. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-07-08 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/15734]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_中国科学院环境生物技术重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张增光. 册田水体修复示范基地构建与MLS技术调控[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2013. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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