The hydrogen isotopic composition of plant leaf wax (delta D-wax) is used as an important tool for paleohydrologic reconstruction. However, the understanding of the relative importance of environmental and biological factors in determining delta D-wax values still remains incomplete. To identify the effects of soil moisture and plant physiology on delta D-wax values in an arid ecosystem, and to explore the implication of these values for paleoclimatic reconstruction, we measured delta D values of soil water (delta D-water) and delta D-wax values in surface soils along two distance transects extending from the lakeshore to wetland to dryland around Lake Qinghai and Lake Gahai on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the delta D-water values were negatively correlated with soil water content (SWC) (R-2=0.9166), and ranged from -67 parts per thousand to -46 parts per thousand with changes in SWC from 6.2% to 42.1% in the arid areas of the Gangcha (GCh) and Gahai (GH) transects. This indicated that evaporative D-enrichment in soil water was sensitive to soil moisture in an arid ecosystem. Although the shift from grasses to shrubs with increasing aridity occurred in the arid area of the GH transect, the delta D-wax values in surface soils from the arid areas of the two transects still showed a negative correlation with SWC (R-2=0.6835), which may be due to the controls of primary evaporative D-enrichment in the soil water and additional transpirational D-enrichment in the leaf water on the delta D-wax values. Our preliminary research suggested that delta D-wax values can potentially be applied as a paleo-humidity indicator on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.