neuropathic pain  aging  intracellular calciumconcentration  oxidative stress  brain function  descending inhibition  innate immune cell population  central nervous system  comorbidity  

double fertilization  central cell specification  central cell evolution  transcriptional repression  

微塑料  生菜  聚苯乙烯微球  吸收  积累  健康风险  microplastics  lettuce  polystyrene microbeads  uptake  accumulation  human health risk  Microplastic (MP, 100 nm-5 mm) may present an attributable risk to ecosystem and human health, and its pollution has become a global environmental concern. Despite a wealth of information on the accumulation of MPs in aquatic species, there is no information on the uptake and accumulation of MPs by higher plants. Terrestrial edible plants are directly exposed to MPs when agricultural soil was applied with organic manure, sewage sludge as fertilizer or plastic mulching. In this paper, the uptake of two sizes of polystyrene (PS) microbeads (0.2 and 1.0 mum) and then their distribution and migration in an edible plant lettuce were firstly investigated based on laboratory experiments. We used fluorescent markers to track PS microbeads in plant tissues and found fluorescence to be a sensitive and reliable detection method. Sections from untreated control lettuce showed no autofluorescence. When roots were treated with fluorescently labeled PS microbeads, the microbeads could be identified by its fluorescence. Our main study investigated the uptake of 0.2 mum beads, as few luminescence signals were observed in lettuce roots for 1.0 mum beads in our experiment. We observed that 0.2 mum fluorescent microbeads were extracellularly trapped in the root cap mucilage (which is a highly hydrated polysaccharide) and a dark green tip (which was typical of lettuce roots exposed to label PS beads) was usually visible to the naked eye. Confocal images revealed that the PS luminescence signals were mainly located in the vascular system and on the cell walls of the cortex tissue of the roots, indicated that the beads passed through the intercellular space via the apoplastic transport system. Once inside the central cylinder, the 0.2 mum PS beads were transferred from the roots to the stems and leaves via the vascular system following the transpiration stream. We also observed that the PS beads adhered to one another and self-assembled systematically into grape-like and (chain) string-like clusters in the intercellular space of the root and stem vascular tissue of lettuce plant. In contrast to the root and stem, PS beads were dispersed in the leaf tissue. Here, for the first time we provide evidence of the adherence, uptake, accumulation, and translocation of submicrometer MPs within an edible plant. Our findings highlight the previously underappreciated human exposure pathway to MPs through the consumption of contaminated crops and emphasize the need for new management strategies to control the release of MPs waste products into the terrestrial environment. Ultimately, the potential impacts of low range sized MPs on food safety of crop plants and human health need to be urgently considered.  

active zone stability  Drosophila  neuromuscular junction  dephosphorylation  Liprin-α  Syd-1  PP2A  GSK-3?  living scaffolds  neural tissue engineering  cell transplant  biomaterials  regeneration  neurotrauma  neurodegeneration  axon pathfinding  cell migration  injury  plasticity  neurodegenerative disease  brain  therapy  neuron  microglia  neural progenitor  tissue engineering  neuroregeneration  repair  central nervous system  biomaterial  regenerative medicine  nanotechnology  spinal cord injury  axonal regeneration  exosome  extracellular vesicle  microRNA  microvesicle  nerve gap  neurite outgrowth  peripheral nerve injury  Schwann cell  stem cell  hemodynamic phases  cerebral subarachnoid hemorrhage  metabolic crises  nerve regeneration  hypoxic-ischemic brain damage  ginsenoside Rg1  neural stem cells  cell transplantation  cell differentiation  cognition  nerve reconstruction  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  brain injury  neuroimaging  functional magnetic resonance imaging  regional homogeneity  apoplexy  subacute  ischemia  participants  healthy  volunteers  brain activity  NSFC grants  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  brain injury  neuroprotection  cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury  lateral intracerebroventricular injection  Apelin-13  nerve apoptosis  Bcl-2  caspase-3  NSFC grants  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  fractalkine  CX3 chemokine receptor 1  neuronal maturation  dendrites  doublecortin  synaptic maturation  newborn neurons  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  neurodegenerative diseases  Alzheimer′s disease  transgenic animal models  mice  epimedium herb  milkvetch root  kudzuvine root  divalent metal transporter 1  ferroportin 1  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  microRNA-124  neurogenesis  neuronal survival  Huntington′s disease  SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9  brain-derived neurotrophic factor  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha  mutant huntingtin  nerve regeneration  Ras/Raf/Erk1/2 signaling pathway  spinal cord injury  apoptosis  repair  regulation  inhibition  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  neurogenic bladder  bibliometric analysis  Web of Science database  visualization analysis  CiteSpace III  citation analysis  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  sciatic nerve injury  autologous nerve grafting  epineurial suturing  three-dimensional finite element models  load  stress  displacement  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  brain injury  facial palsy  Bell′s palsy  comparison  methodological quality  therapy  fixed effect model  acupuncture  incomplete recovery  randomized controlled trials  electroacupuncture  NSFC grants  neural regeneration  nerve regeneration  peripheral nerve injury  thalidomide  ankylosing spondylitis  adverse reactions  peripheral neuropathy  treatment  dose  treatment time  age  sex  neural regeneration  Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system  RC346-429  prospective study  

SENSING ION CHANNELS  GABA(A) RECEPTOR TRAFFICKING  GATED CALCIUM-CHANNELS  CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM  LONG-TERM-MEMORY  H EXCHANGER NHE1  INTRACELLULAR PH  MOLECULAR-BASIS  CELL-MIGRATION  SNAIL NEURONS